LUMRYZ is indicated for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nLUMRYZ is indicated for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy.\n" }

The recommended starting dosage of LUMRYZ in adults is 4.5 grams (g) once per night administered orally. Increase the dosage by 1.5 g per night at weekly intervals to the recommended dosage range of 6 g to 9 g once per night orally. The dosage may be gradually titrated based on efficacy and tolerability. Doses higher than 9 g per night have not been studied and should not ordinarily be administered.

The recommended starting pediatric dosage, titration regimen, and maximum total nightly dosage are based on patient weight.

Pediatric Patients 7 years and Older Weighing at least 45 kg

The recommended starting dosage of LUMRYZ in pediatric patients 7 years and older weighing at least 45 kg is 4.5 g once per night administered orally. Increase the dosage by 1.5 g per night at weekly intervals to the maximum recommended dosage of 9 g once per night orally. The dosage may be gradually titrated based on efficacy and tolerability. 

Pediatric Patients 7 years and Older Weighing Less than 45 kg

Because the recommended starting dosage in pediatric patients 7 years and older weighing less than 45 kg cannot be achieved with the available strengths of LUMRYZ, use another sodium oxybate product to initiate treatment. Refer to the Prescribing Information of other sodium oxybate products for the recommended dosage for those products. 

The maximum recommended dosage for patients 7 years and older weighing 20 kg to <30 kg is 6 g once per night orally, and the maximum recommended dosage for patients 7 years and older weighing 30 kg to <45 kg is 7.5 g once per night orally [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)]. There is insufficient information to provide specific dosing recommendations for patients 7 years and older who weigh less than 20 kg.

LUMRYZ is taken orally as a single dose at bedtime. Prepare the dose of LUMRYZ prior to bedtime. Prior to ingestion, the dose of LUMRYZ should be suspended in approximately 1/3 cup (approximately 80 mL) of water in the mixing cup provided [see Instructions for Use]. Do not use hot water [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. After mixing, consume LUMRYZ within 30 minutes.

Take LUMRYZ at least 2 hours after eating [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Patients should take LUMRYZ while in bed and lie down immediately after dosing as LUMRYZ may cause them to fall asleep abruptly without first feeling drowsy. Patients will often fall asleep within 5 minutes of taking LUMRYZ, and will usually fall asleep within 15 minutes, though the time it takes any individual patient to fall asleep may vary from night to night. Patients should remain in bed following ingestion of LUMRYZ.

Patients who are currently being treated with immediate-release sodium oxybate may be switched to LUMRYZ at the nearest equivalent dosage in grams per night (e.g., 7.5 g sodium oxybate divided into two 3.75 g doses per night to 7.5 g LUMRYZ once per night).

For extended-release oral suspension: LUMRYZ is a white to off-white powder provided in packets of 4.5 g, 6 g, 7.5 g, or 9 g of sodium oxybate.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "For extended-release oral suspension: LUMRYZ is a white to off-white powder provided in packets of 4.5 g, 6 g, 7.5 g, or 9 g of sodium oxybate." }

LUMRYZ is contraindicated for use in:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "LUMRYZ is contraindicated for use in:" }

           ●   combination with sedative hypnotics [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "           ●   combination with sedative hypnotics [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]\n" }

           ●   combination with alcohol [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "           ●   combination with alcohol [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]\n" }

           ●   patients with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "           ●   patients with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]\n" }

LUMRYZ is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant. Clinically significant respiratory depression and obtundation has occurred in patients treated with immediate-release sodium oxybate at recommended doses in clinical trials and may occur in patients treated with LUMRYZ at recommended doses. LUMRYZ is contraindicated in combination with alcohol and sedative hypnotics. The concurrent use of LUMRYZ with other CNS depressants, including but not limited to opioid analgesics, benzodiazepines, sedating antidepressants or antipsychotics, sedating antiepileptic drugs, general anesthetics, muscle relaxants, and/or illicit CNS depressants, may increase the risk of respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, syncope, and death. If use of these CNS depressants in combination with LUMRYZ is required, dose reduction or discontinuation of one or more CNS depressants (including LUMRYZ) should be considered. In addition, if short-term use of an opioid (e.g., post- or perioperative) is required, interruption of treatment with LUMRYZ should be considered. In addition to coadministration of LUMRYZ and alcohol being contraindicated because of respiratory depression, consumption of alcohol while taking LUMRYZ may also result in a more rapid release of the dose of sodium oxybate [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Healthcare providers should caution patients about operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles or airplanes, until they are reasonably certain that LUMRYZ does not affect them adversely (e.g., impair judgment, thinking, or motor skills). Patients should not engage in hazardous occupations or activities requiring complete mental alertness or motor coordination, such as operating machinery or a motor vehicle or flying an airplane, for at least 6 hours after taking LUMRYZ. Patients should be queried about CNS depression-related events upon initiation of LUMRYZ therapy and periodically thereafter.

LUMRYZ is available only through a restricted program under a REMS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

LUMRYZ is a Schedule III controlled substance. The active ingredient of LUMRYZ, sodium oxybate, is the sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a Schedule I controlled substance. Abuse of illicit GHB, either alone or in combination with other CNS depressants, is associated with CNS adverse reactions, including seizure, respiratory depression, decreases in the level of consciousness, coma, and death. The rapid onset of sedation, coupled with the amnestic features of GHB, particularly when combined with alcohol, has proven to be dangerous for the voluntary and involuntary user (e.g., assault victim). Because illicit use and abuse of GHB have been reported, physicians should carefully evaluate patients for a history of drug abuse and follow such patients closely, observing them for signs of misuse or abuse of GHB (e.g., increase in size or frequency of dosing, drug-seeking behavior, feigned cataplexy) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) and Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.2)].

LUMRYZ is available only through a restricted program under a REMS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

LUMRYZ is available only through a restricted distribution program called the LUMRYZ REMS because of the risks of central nervous system depression and abuse and misuse [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2)].

Notable requirements of the LUMRYZ REMS include the following:

           ●   Healthcare providers who prescribe LUMRYZ are specially certified.

           ●   LUMRYZ will be dispensed only by pharmacies that are specially certified.

           ●   LUMRYZ will be dispensed and shipped only to patients who are enrolled in the LUMRYZ REMS with documentation of safe use conditions.

Further information is available at www.LUMRYZREMS.com or by calling 1-877-453-1029.

LUMRYZ may impair respiratory drive, especially in patients with compromised respiratory function. In overdoses of oxybate and with illicit use of GHB, life-threatening respiratory depression has been reported [see Overdosage (10)].

Increased apnea and reduced oxygenation may occur with LUMRYZ administration. A significant increase in the number of central apneas and clinically significant oxygen desaturation may occur in patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with LUMRYZ.

During polysomnographic evaluation (PSG), central sleep apnea and oxygen desaturation were observed in pediatric patients with narcolepsy treated with immediate-release sodium oxybate.

In adult clinical trials of LUMRYZ in patients with narcolepsy, no subjects with apnea/hypopnea indexes greater than 15 were allowed to enroll.

In an adult study assessing the respiratory-depressant effects of immediate-release sodium oxybate at doses up to 9 g per night in 21 patients with narcolepsy, no dose-related changes in oxygen saturation were demonstrated in the group as a whole. One of four patients with preexisting moderate-to-severe sleep apnea had significant worsening of the apnea/hypopnea index during treatment.

In an adult study assessing the effects of immediate-release sodium oxybate 9 g per night in 50 patients with obstructive sleep apnea, immediate-release sodium oxybate did not increase the severity of sleep-disordered breathing and did not adversely affect the average duration and severity of oxygen desaturation overall. However, there was a significant increase in the number of central apneas in patients taking immediate-release sodium oxybate, and clinically significant oxygen desaturation (≤55%) was measured in three patients (6%) after administration, with one patient withdrawing from the study and two continuing after single brief instances of desaturation.

In adult clinical trials in 128 patients with narcolepsy administered immediate-release sodium oxybate, two subjects had profound CNS depression, which resolved after supportive respiratory intervention. Two other patients discontinued immediate-release sodium oxybate because of severe difficulty breathing and an increase in obstructive sleep apnea. In two controlled trials assessing polysomnographic (PSG) measures in adult patients with narcolepsy administered immediate-release sodium oxybate, 40 of 477 patients were included with a baseline apnea/hypopnea index of 16 to 67 events per hour, indicative of mild to severe sleep-disordered breathing. None of the 40 patients had a clinically significant worsening of respiratory function, as measured by apnea/hypopnea index and pulse oximetry at doses of 4.5 g to 9 g per night.

Prescribers should be aware that sleep-related breathing disorders tend to be more prevalent in obese patients, in men, in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy, and among patients with narcolepsy. Increased central apneas and clinically relevant desaturation events have been observed with immediate-release sodium oxybate administration in adult and pediatric patients.

Depression, and suicidal ideation and behavior, can occur in patients treated with LUMRYZ.

In an adult clinical trial in patients with narcolepsy administered LUMRYZ [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)], there were no suicide attempts, but one patient developed suicidal ideation at the 9 g dose. In adult clinical trials in patients with narcolepsy (n=781) administered immediate-release sodium oxybate, there were two suicides and two attempted suicides in patients treated with immediate-release sodium oxybate, including three patients with a previous history of depressive psychiatric disorder. Of the two suicides, one patient used immediate-release sodium oxybate in conjunction with other drugs. Immediate-release sodium oxybate was not involved in the second suicide. Adverse reactions of depression were reported by 7% of 781 patients treated with immediate-release sodium oxybate, with four patients (<1%) discontinuing because of depression. In most cases, no change in immediate-release sodium oxybate treatment was required.

In a controlled trial in adults with narcolepsy administered LUMRYZ where patients were titrated from 4.5 g to 9 g per night, the incidences of depression were 0% at 4.5 g, 1% at 6 g, 1.1% at 7.5 g, and 1.3% at 9 g. In a controlled adult trial, with patients randomized to fixed doses of 3 g, 6 g, or 9 g per night immediate-release sodium oxybate or placebo, there was a single event of depression at the 3 g per night dose. In another adult controlled trial, with patients titrated from an initial 4.5 g per night starting dose of immediate-release sodium oxybate, the incidences of depression were 1.7%, 1.5%, 3.2%, and 3.6% for the placebo, 4.5 g, 6 g, and 9 g per night doses, respectively.

In a clinical trial in pediatric patients with narcolepsy (n=104) administered immediate-release sodium oxybate, one patient experienced suicidal ideation and two patients reported depression while taking immediate-release sodium oxybate.

The emergence of depression in patients treated with LUMRYZ requires careful and immediate evaluation. Patients with a previous history of a depressive illness and/or suicide attempt should be monitored carefully for the emergence of depressive symptoms while taking LUMRYZ.

Other behavioral and psychiatric adverse reactions can occur in patients taking LUMRYZ.

During adult clinical trials in patients with narcolepsy administered LUMRYZ, 2% of 107 patients treated with LUMRYZ experienced a confusional state. During adult clinical trials in patients with narcolepsy administered immediate-release sodium oxybate, 3% of 781 patients treated with immediate-release sodium oxybate experienced confusion, with incidence generally increasing with dose.

No patients treated with LUMRYZ discontinued treatment because of confusion. Less than 1% of patients discontinued the immediate-release sodium oxybate because of confusion. Confusion was reported at all recommended doses of immediate-release sodium oxybate from 6 g to 9 g per night. In a controlled trial in adults where patients were randomized to immediate-release sodium oxybate in fixed total daily doses of 3 g, 6 g, or 9 g per night or placebo, a dose-response relationship for confusion was demonstrated, with 17% of patients at 9 g per night experiencing confusion. In that controlled trial, the confusion resolved in all cases soon after termination of treatment. In one trial where immediate-release sodium oxybate was titrated from an initial 4.5 g per night dose, there was a single event of confusion in one patient at the 9 g per night dose. In the majority of cases in all adult clinical trials in patients with narcolepsy administered immediate-release sodium oxybate, confusion resolved either soon after termination of dosing or with continued treatment.

Anxiety occurred in 7.5% of 107 patients treated with LUMRYZ in the adult trial in patients with narcolepsy. Anxiety occurred in 5.8% of the 874 patients receiving immediate-release sodium oxybate in adult clinical trials in another population.

Other psychiatric reactions reported in adult clinical trials in patients with narcolepsy administered LUMRYZ included irritability, emotional disorder, panic attack, agitation, delirium, and obsessive thoughts. Other neuropsychiatric reactions reported in adult clinical trials in patients with narcolepsy administered immediate-release sodium oxybate and in the postmarketing setting for immediate-release sodium oxybate include hallucinations, paranoia, psychosis, aggression, and agitation.

In a clinical trial in pediatric patients with narcolepsy administered immediate-release sodium oxybate, neuropsychiatric reactions, including acute psychosis, confusion, and anxiety were reported while taking immediate-release sodium oxybate.

The emergence or increase in the occurrence of behavioral or psychiatric events in patients taking LUMRYZ should be carefully monitored.

Parasomnias can occur in patients taking LUMRYZ.

Sleepwalking, defined as confused behavior occurring at night and at times associated with wandering, was reported in 3% of 107 adult patients with narcolepsy treated with LUMRYZ. No patients treated with LUMRYZ discontinued due to sleepwalking. Sleepwalking was reported in 6% of 781 patients with narcolepsy treated with immediate-release sodium oxybate in adult controlled and long-term open-label studies, with <1% of patients discontinuing due to sleepwalking. In controlled trials, rates of sleepwalking were similar for patients taking placebo and patients taking immediate-release sodium oxybate. It is unclear if some or all of the reported sleepwalking episodes correspond to true somnambulism, which is a parasomnia occurring during non-REM sleep, or to any other specific medical disorder. Five instances of sleepwalking with potential injury or significant injury were reported during a clinical trial of immediate-release sodium oxybate in patients with narcolepsy.

Parasomnias, including sleepwalking, have been reported in a pediatric clinical trial and in postmarketing experience with immediate-release sodium oxybate. Therefore, episodes of sleepwalking should be fully evaluated, and appropriate interventions considered.

LUMRYZ has a high sodium content. In patients sensitive to sodium intake (e.g., those with heart failure, hypertension, or renal impairment), consider the amount of daily sodium intake in each dose of LUMRYZ. Table 1 provides the approximate sodium content per LUMRYZ dose.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 1: Approximate Sodium Content per Total Nightly Dose of LUMRYZ (g = grams)</span> </caption> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">LUMRYZ Dose</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Sodium Content/Total Nightly Exposure</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">4.5 g per night</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">820 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">6 g per night</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">1100 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">7.5 g per night</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">1400 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">9 g per night</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">1640 mg</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Adult Patients

 LUMRYZ was studied in one placebo-controlled trial (Study 1) [see Clinical Studies (14.1)] in 212 patients with narcolepsy (107 patients treated with LUMRYZ and 105 with placebo).

Adverse Reactions Leading to Treatment Discontinuation

In Study 1, 15.9% of patients treated with LUMRYZ discontinued because of adverse reactions, compared to 1.9% of patients receiving placebo. The most common adverse reaction leading to discontinuation was dizziness (4.7%). For LUMRYZ, 5.6% of patients discontinued due to adverse reactions on 4.5 g, 4.1% on 6 g, 4.5% on 7.5 g, and 3.9% on 9 g dose.

Most Common Adverse Reactions

The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥5% and greater than placebo) reported for any dose of LUMRYZ were nausea, dizziness, enuresis, headache, and vomiting.

Adverse Reactions Occurring at an Incidence of 2% or Greater

Table 2 lists adverse reactions occurring in 2% or more of LUMRYZ-treated patients on any individual dose and at a rate greater than placebo-treated patients in Study 1.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 2: Adverse Reactions Occurring in 2% or More of LUMRYZ-Treated Adult Patients and Greater than for Placebo-Treated Patients in Study 1</span> </caption> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">Adverse Reaction</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">Placebo</p> <p>(N=105)</p> <p>%</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">LUMRYZ 4.5 g</p> <p>(N=107)</p> <p>%</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">LUMRYZ 6 g <br/> (N=97)</p> <p>%</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">LUMRYZ 7.5 g</p> <p>(N=88)</p> <p>%</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">LUMRYZ 9 g<br/> (N=77)</p> <p>%</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="6"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Gastrointestinal Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">Vomiting</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">Nausea</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="6"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Investigations</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">Weight Decreased</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="6"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Metabolism and Nutritional Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">Decreased Appetite</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="6"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Nervous System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">Dizziness</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">Somnolence</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">Headache</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="6"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">Enuresis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">Anxiety</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">Somnambulism</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Dose-Response Information

In the clinical trial in adult patients with narcolepsy, a dose-response relationship was observed for enuresis and somnolence.

Additional Adverse Reactions

Adverse reactions observed in clinical studies with immediate-release sodium oxybate (≥2%), but not observed in Study 1 at a frequency of higher than 2%, and which may be relevant for LUMRYZ: diarrhea, abdominal pain upper, dry mouth, pain, feeling drunk, peripheral edema, cataplexy, muscle spasms, pain in extremity, tremor, disturbance in attention, paresthesia, sleep paralysis, disorientation, irritability, and hyperhidrosis.

Pediatric Patients (7 Years of Age and Older)

The safety of LUMRYZ for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness in pediatric patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy is supported by an adequate and well-controlled trial of immediate-release sodium oxybate [see Clinical Studies (14.2)]. Below is a display of adverse reactions of immediate-release sodium oxybate in this adequate and well-controlled trial.

In this trial, 104 patients aged 7 to 17 years (37 patients aged 7 to 11 years; 67 patients aged 12 to 17 years) with narcolepsy received immediate-release sodium oxybate for up to one year. This trial included an open-label safety continuation period in which eligible patients received immediate-release sodium oxybate for up to an additional 2 years. The median and maximum exposure across the entire trial were 371 and 987 days, respectively.

Adverse Reactions Leading to Treatment Discontinuation

In the pediatric clinical trial with immediate-release sodium oxybate, 7 of 104 patients reported adverse reactions that led to withdrawal from the study (hallucination, tactile; suicidal ideation; weight decreased; sleep apnea syndrome; affect lability; anger, anxiety, depression; and headache).

Adverse Reactions in the Pediatric Clinical Trial

The most common adverse reactions (≥5%) were nausea (20%), enuresis (19%), vomiting (18%), headache (17%), weight decreased (13%), decreased appetite (9%), dizziness (8%), and sleepwalking (6%).

Additional information regarding safety in pediatric patients appears in the following sections:

           ●   Respiratory Depression and Sleep-Disordered Breathing [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]

           ●   Depression and Suicidality [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]

           ●   Other Behavioral or Psychiatric Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]

           ●   Parasomnias [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]

The overall adverse reaction profile of immediate-release sodium oxybate in the pediatric clinical trial was similar to that seen in the adult clinical trial with immediate-release sodium oxybate. The safety profile in pediatric patients with LUMRYZ is expected to be similar to that of adult patients treated with LUMRYZ and to that of pediatric patients treated with immediate-release sodium oxybate.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of sodium oxybate. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure:

         Arthralgia, decreased appetite, fall*, fluid retention, hangover, headache, hypersensitivity, hypertension, memory impairment, nocturia, panic attack, vision blurred, and weight decreased.

         *The sudden onset of sleep in patients taking sodium oxybate, including in a standing position or while rising from bed, has led to falls complicated by injuries, in some cases requiring hospitalization.

LUMRYZ is contraindicated for use in combination with alcohol or sedative hypnotics. Use of other CNS depressants may potentiate the CNS-depressant effects of LUMRYZ [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. In addition to coadministration of LUMRYZ and alcohol being contraindicated because of respiratory depression, consumption of alcohol while taking LUMRYZ may also result in a more rapid release of the dose of sodium oxybate [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Risk Summary

There are no adequate data on the developmental risk associated with the use of sodium oxybate in pregnant women. Oral administration of sodium oxybate to pregnant rats (150, 350, or 1,000 mg/kg/day) or rabbits (300, 600, or 1,200 mg/kg/day) throughout organogenesis produced no clear evidence of developmental toxicity; however, oral administration to rats throughout pregnancy and lactation resulted in increased stillbirths and decreased offspring postnatal viability and growth, at a clinically relevant dose [see Data].

In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown.

Clinical Considerations

Labor or Delivery

LUMRYZ has not been studied in labor or delivery. In obstetric anesthesia using an injectable formulation of sodium oxybate, newborns had stable cardiovascular and respiratory measures but were very sleepy, causing a slight decrease in Apgar scores. There was a fall in the rate of uterine contractions 20 minutes after injection. Placental transfer is rapid and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has been detected in newborns at delivery after intravenous administration of GHB to mothers. Subsequent effects of sodium oxybate on later growth, development, and maturation in humans are unknown.

Data

Animal Data

Oral administration of sodium oxybate to pregnant rats (150, 350, or 1,000 mg/kg/day) or rabbits (300, 600, or 1,200 mg/kg/day) throughout organogenesis produced no clear evidence of developmental toxicity. The highest doses tested in rats and rabbits were approximately 1 and 3 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 9 g per night on a body surface area (mg/m2) basis.

Oral administration of sodium oxybate (150, 350, or 1,000 mg/kg/day) to rats throughout pregnancy and lactation resulted in increased stillbirths and decreased offspring postnatal viability and body weight gain at the highest dose tested. The no-effect dose for pre- and postnatal developmental toxicity in rats is less than the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis.

Risk Summary

GHB is excreted in human milk after oral administration of sodium oxybate. There is insufficient information on the risk to a breastfed infant, and there is insufficient information on milk production in nursing mothers. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for LUMRYZ and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from LUMRYZ or from the underlying maternal condition.

LUMRYZ has not been studied in a pediatric clinical trial. The safety and effectiveness of LUMRYZ in the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness in pediatric patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy is supported by evidence from a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized-withdrawal study of immediate-release sodium oxybate [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) and Clinical Studies (14.2)].

In the pediatric clinical trial with immediate-release sodium oxybate administration in pediatric patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy, serious adverse reactions of central sleep apnea and oxygen desaturation documented by polysomnography evaluation; depression; suicidal ideation; neuropsychiatric reactions including acute psychosis, confusion, and anxiety; and parasomnias, including sleepwalking, have been reported [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

The safety and effectiveness of LUMRYZ have not been established in pediatric patients younger than 7 years old.

Juvenile Animal Toxicity Data

In a study in which sodium oxybate (0, 100, 300, or 900 mg/kg/day) was orally administered to rats during the juvenile period of development (postnatal days 21 through 90), mortality was observed at the two highest doses tested. Deaths occurred during the first week of dosing and were associated with clinical signs (including decreased activity and respiratory rate) consistent with the pharmacological effects of the drug. Reduced body weight gain in males and females and delayed sexual maturation in males were observed at the highest dose tested. The no-effect dose for adverse effects in juvenile rats is associated with plasma exposures (AUC) less than that at the maximum recommended human dose (9 g/night).

Clinical studies of LUMRYZ or immediate-release sodium oxybate in patients with narcolepsy did not include sufficient numbers of subjects age 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In controlled trials of immediate-release sodium oxybate in another population, 39 (5%) of 874 patients were 65 years or older. Discontinuations of treatment due to adverse reactions were increased in the elderly compared to younger adults (21% vs. 19%). Frequency of headaches was markedly increased in the elderly (39% vs. 19%). The most common adverse reactions were similar in both age categories. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Because of an increase in exposure to LUMRYZ, LUMRYZ should not be initiated in patients with hepatic impairment because appropriate dosage adjustments for initiation of LUMRYZ cannot be made with the available dosage strengths [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Patients with hepatic impairment who have been titrated to a maintenance dosage of another oxybate product can be switched to LUMRYZ if the appropriate dosage strength is available.

LUMRYZ is a Schedule III controlled substance under the Federal Controlled Substances Act. Non-medical use of LUMRYZ could lead to penalties assessed under the higher Schedule I controls.

LUMRYZ (sodium oxybate), the sodium salt of GHB, produces dose-dependent central nervous system effects, including hypnotic and positive subjective reinforcing effects. The onset of effect is rapid, enhancing its potential for abuse or misuse.

Drug abuse is the intentional non-therapeutic use of a drug product or substance, even once, for its desirable psychological or physiological effects. Misuse is the intentional use, for therapeutic purposes of a drug by an individual in a way other than prescribed by a healthcare provider or for whom it was not prescribed. Drug misuse and abuse may occur with or without progression to addiction. Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that may include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling drug use (e.g., continuing drug use despite harmful consequences, giving a higher priority to drug use than other activities and obligations), and possible tolerance or physical dependence.

The rapid onset of sedation, coupled with the amnestic features of GHB, particularly when combined with alcohol, has proven to be dangerous for the voluntary and involuntary user (e.g., assault victim).

Illicit GHB is abused in social settings primarily by young adults. Some of the doses estimated to be abused are in a similar dosage range to that used for treatment of patients with cataplexy. GHB has some commonalities with ethanol over a limited dose range, and some cross tolerance with ethanol has been reported as well. Cases of severe dependence and craving for GHB have been reported when the drug is taken around the clock. Patterns of abuse indicative of dependence include: 1) the use of increasingly large doses, 2) increased frequency of use, and 3) continued use despite adverse consequences.

Because illicit use and abuse of GHB have been reported, physicians should carefully evaluate patients for a history of drug abuse and follow such patients closely, observing them for signs of misuse or abuse of GHB (e.g., increase in size or frequency of dosing, drug-seeking behavior, feigned cataplexy). Dispose of LUMRYZ according to state and federal regulations. It is safe to dispose of LUMRYZ down the sanitary sewer.

Dependence

Physical dependence is a state that develops as a result of physiological adaptation in response to repeated drug use, manifested by withdrawal signs and symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dose reduction of a drug. There have been case reports of withdrawal, ranging from mild to severe, following discontinuation of illicit use of GHB at frequent repeated doses (18 g to 250 g per day) in excess of the recommended dosage range. Signs and symptoms of GHB withdrawal following abrupt discontinuation included insomnia, restlessness, anxiety, psychosis, lethargy, nausea, tremor, sweating, muscle cramps, tachycardia, headache, dizziness, rebound fatigue and sleepiness, confusion, and, particularly in the case of severe withdrawal, visual hallucinations, agitation, and delirium. These symptoms generally abated in 3 to 14 days. In cases of severe withdrawal, hospitalization may be required. The discontinuation effects of LUMRYZ have not been systematically evaluated in controlled clinical trials. In the clinical trial experience with immediate-release sodium oxybate in narcolepsy/cataplexy patients at recommended doses, two patients reported anxiety and one reported insomnia following abrupt discontinuation at the termination of the clinical trial; in the two patients with anxiety, the frequency of cataplexy had increased markedly at the same time.

Tolerance

Tolerance is a physiological state characterized by a reduced response to a drug after repeated administration (i.e., a higher dose of a drug is required to produce the same effect that was once obtained at a lower dose). Tolerance to LUMRYZ has not been systematically studied in controlled clinical trials. There have been some case reports of symptoms of tolerance developing after illicit use at dosages far in excess of the recommended LUMRYZ dosage regimen. Clinical studies of immediate-release sodium oxybate in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal suggest a potential cross-tolerance with alcohol. The safety and effectiveness of LUMRYZ in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal have not been established.

Information regarding overdose with LUMRYZ is derived largely from reports in the medical literature that describe symptoms and signs in individuals who have ingested GHB illicitly. In these circumstances, the co-ingestion of other drugs and alcohol was common and may have influenced the presentation and severity of clinical manifestations of overdose.

In adult clinical trials of immediate-release sodium oxybate, two cases of overdose with sodium oxybate were reported. In the first case, an estimated dose of 150 g, more than 15 times the maximum recommended dose, caused a patient to be unresponsive with brief periods of apnea and to be incontinent of urine and feces. This individual recovered without sequelae. In the second case, death was reported following a multiple drug overdose consisting of sodium oxybate and numerous other drugs.

Information about signs and symptoms associated with overdosage with LUMRYZ derives from reports of illicit use of GHB. Patient presentation following overdose is influenced by the dose ingested, the time since ingestion, the co-ingestion of other drugs and alcohol, and the fed or fasted state. Patients have exhibited varying degrees of depressed consciousness that may fluctuate rapidly between a confusional, agitated combative state with ataxia and coma. Emesis (even when obtunded), diaphoresis, headache, and impaired psychomotor skills have been observed. No typical pupillary changes have been described to assist in diagnosis; pupillary reactivity to light is maintained. Blurred vision has been reported. An increasing depth of coma and acidosis have been observed at higher doses. Myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures have been reported.

Respiration may be unaffected or compromised in rate and depth. Cheyne-Stokes respiration and apnea have been observed. Bradycardia and hypothermia may accompany unconsciousness, as well as muscular hypotonia, but tendon reflexes remain intact.

General symptomatic and supportive care should be instituted immediately, and gastric decontamination may be considered if co-ingestants are suspected. Because emesis may occur in the presence of obtundation, appropriate posture (left lateral recumbent position) and protection of the airway by intubation may be warranted. Although the gag reflex may be absent in deeply comatose patients, even unconscious patients may become combative to intubation, and rapid-sequence induction (without the use of sedative) should be considered. Vital signs and consciousness should be closely monitored. The bradycardia reported with GHB overdose has been responsive to atropine intravenous administration. No reversal of the central depressant effects of LUMRYZ can be expected from naloxone or flumazenil administration. The use of hemodialysis and other forms of extracorporeal drug removal have not been studied in GHB overdose, but have been reported in cases of acidosis associated with GHB ingestions of 125 g or greater; however, due to the rapid metabolism of sodium oxybate, these measures may not be warranted.

As with the management of all cases of drug overdosage, the possibility of multiple drug ingestion should be considered. The healthcare provider is encouraged to collect urine and blood samples for routine toxicologic screening, and to consult with a regional poison control center (1-800-222-1222) for current treatment recommendations.

Sodium oxybate, a CNS depressant, is the active ingredient in LUMRYZ for extended-release oral suspension. The chemical name for sodium oxybate is sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate. The molecular formula is C4H7NaO3, and the molecular weight is 126.09 g/mole. The chemical structure is:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Sodium oxybate, a CNS depressant, is the active ingredient in LUMRYZ for extended-release oral suspension. The chemical name for sodium oxybate is sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate. The molecular formula is C4H7NaO3, and the molecular weight is 126.09 g/mole. The chemical structure is:" }

Sodium oxybate is a white to off-white solid powder.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Sodium oxybate is a white to off-white solid powder." }

Each packet of LUMRYZ contains 4.5 g, 6 g, 7.5 g, or 9 g of sodium oxybate, equivalent to 3.7 g, 5.0 g, 6.2 g, or 7.4 g of oxybate, respectively. The inactive ingredients are carrageenan, hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydroxyethyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, malic acid, methacrylic acid copolymer, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, and xanthan gum.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Each packet of LUMRYZ contains 4.5 g, 6 g, 7.5 g, or 9 g of sodium oxybate, equivalent to 3.7 g, 5.0 g, 6.2 g, or 7.4 g of oxybate, respectively. The inactive ingredients are carrageenan, hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydroxyethyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, malic acid, methacrylic acid copolymer, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, and xanthan gum." }

LUMRYZ is a CNS depressant. The mechanism of action of LUMRYZ in the treatment of narcolepsy is unknown. Sodium oxybate is the sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), an endogenous compound and metabolite of the neurotransmitter GABA. It is hypothesized that the therapeutic effects of LUMRYZ on cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness are mediated through GABAB actions at noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons, as well as at thalamocortical neurons.

Following oral administration of LUMRYZ, the plasma levels of GHB increased dose-proportionally for Cmax and more than dose-proportionally for area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCinf) (respectively, 2-fold and 2.3-fold increases as total daily dose is doubled from 4.5 g to 9 g).

No clinically significant difference in oxybate pharmacokinetics was observed between a single 6 g dose of LUMRYZ and two 3 g doses of immediate-release sodium oxybate administered 4 hours apart.

Absorption

Following oral administration of a single 6 g dose of LUMRYZ, the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 66 mcg/mL and the time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) was 1.5 hours.

Effect of Food

Administration of LUMRYZ immediately after a high-fat meal resulted in a mean reduction in Cmax and AUC of GHB by 33% and 14%, respectively; average Tmax increased from 0.5 hours to 1.5 hours [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].

Effect of Ethanol

An in vitro study showed alcohol-induced dose-dumping of sodium oxybate from extended-release oral suspension at 1 hour in the presence of 40% alcohol, and approximately 60% increase of drug release at 2 hours in the presence of 20% alcohol [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. 

Effect of Water Temperature

An in vitro dissolution study showed that LUMRYZ mixed with hot water (90°C) resulted in a dose-dumping phenomenon for the release of sodium oxybate, whereas warm water (50°C) did not significantly affect the drug release from the extended-release suspension [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].

Distribution

GHB is a hydrophilic compound with an apparent volume of distribution averaging 190 mL/kg to 384 mL/kg. At GHB concentrations ranging from 3 mcg/mL to 300 mcg/mL, less than 1% is bound to plasma proteins.

Elimination

Metabolism

Animal studies indicate that metabolism is the major elimination pathway for GHB, producing carbon dioxide and water via the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle, and secondarily by β-oxidation. The primary pathway involves a cytosolic NADP+-linked enzyme, GHB dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the conversion of GHB to succinic semialdehyde, which is then biotransformed to succinic acid by the enzyme succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Succinic acid enters the Krebs cycle where it is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water. A second mitochondrial oxidoreductase enzyme, a transhydrogenase, also catalyzes the conversion to succinic semialdehyde in the presence of α-ketoglutarate. An alternate pathway of biotransformation involves β-oxidation via 3,4-dihydroxybutyrate to carbon dioxide and water. No active metabolites have been identified.

Excretion

The clearance of GHB is almost entirely by biotransformation to carbon dioxide, which is then eliminated by expiration. On average, less than 5% of unchanged drug appears in human urine within 6 to 8 hours after dosing. Fecal excretion is negligible. GHB has an elimination half-life of 0.5 to 1 hour.

Specific Population

Geriatric Patients

There is limited experience with LUMRYZ in the elderly. Results from a pharmacokinetic study of immediate-release sodium oxybate (n=20) in another studied population indicate that the pharmacokinetic characteristics of GHB are consistent among younger (age 48 to 64 years) and older (age 65 to 75 years) adults.

Pediatric Patients

The pharmacokinetics of LUMRYZ has not been directly evaluated in pediatric patients.

The pharmacokinetics of immediate-release sodium oxybate were evaluated in pediatric patients 7 to 17 years of age (n=29). The pharmacokinetic characteristics of immediate-release sodium oxybate were shown to be similar in adults and pediatric patients. Body weight was found to be the major intrinsic factor affecting oxybate pharmacokinetics.

Male and Female Patients

In a study of 18 female and 18 male healthy adult volunteers, no gender differences were detected in the pharmacokinetics of GHB following an immediate-release 4.5 g oral dose of sodium oxybate.

Racial or Ethnic Groups

There are insufficient data to evaluate any pharmacokinetic differences among races.

Patients with Renal Impairment

No pharmacokinetic study in patients with renal impairment has been conducted.

Patients with Hepatic Impairment

The pharmacokinetics of GHB in 16 cirrhotic patients, half without ascites (Child’s Class A) and half with ascites (Child’s Class C), were compared to the kinetics in 8 subjects with normal hepatic function, after a single sodium oxybate oral dose of 25 mg/kg. AUC values were doubled in cirrhotic patients, with apparent oral clearance reduced from 9.1 mL/min/kg in healthy adults to 4.5 and 4.1 mL/min/kg in Class A and Class C patients, respectively. Elimination half-life was significantly longer in Class C and Class A patients than in control patients (mean t1/2 of 59 minutes and 32 minutes, respectively, versus 22 minutes in control patients). LUMRYZ should not be initiated in patients with liver impairment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].

Drug Interaction Studies

In vitro studies with pooled human liver microsomes indicate that sodium oxybate does not significantly inhibit the activities of the human isoenzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, or CYP3A, up to the concentration of 3 mM (378 mcg/mL), a level considerably higher than levels achieved with the maximum recommended dose.

A drug interaction study in healthy adults (age 18 to 55 years) was conducted with LUMRYZ and divalproex sodium. Co-administration of a single dose of LUMRYZ (6 g) with divalproex sodium ER at steady state resulted in an approximate 18% increase in AUC (90% CI ratio range of 112%-123%), which is not expected to be clinically meaningful, while Cmax was comparable. A single dose of LUMRYZ (6 g) did not appear to affect the pharmacokinetics of divalproex sodium. However, a pharmacodynamic interaction between LUMRYZ and divalproex sodium, a sedative antiepileptic drug, cannot be ruled out [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7.1)].

Drug interaction studies in healthy adults (age 18 to 50 years) were conducted with immediate-release sodium oxybate and diclofenac and ibuprofen:

           ●   Diclofenac: Co-administration of sodium oxybate (6 g per day as two equal doses of 3 grams dosed four hours apart) with diclofenac (50 mg/dose twice per day) showed no significant changes in systemic exposure to GHB. Co-administration did not appear to affect the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac.

           ●   Ibuprofen: Co-administration of sodium oxybate (6 g per day as two equal doses of 3 grams dosed four hours apart) with ibuprofen (800 mg/dose four times per day also dosed four hours apart) resulted in comparable systemic exposure to GHB, as shown by plasma Cmax and AUC values. Co-administration did not affect the pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen.

Drug interaction studies in healthy adults demonstrated no pharmacokinetic interactions between immediate-release sodium oxybate and protriptyline hydrochloride, zolpidem tartrate, and modafinil. Also, there were no pharmacokinetic interactions with the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor fomepizole. However, pharmacodynamic interactions with these drugs cannot be ruled out. Alteration of gastric pH with omeprazole produced no significant change in the pharmacokinetics of GHB. In addition, drug interaction studies in healthy adults demonstrated no pharmacokinetic or clinically significant pharmacodynamic interactions between immediate-release sodium oxybate and duloxetine HCl.

Carcinogenesis

Administration of sodium oxybate to rats at oral doses of up to 1,000 mg/kg/day for 83 (males) or 104 (females) weeks resulted in no increase in tumors. Plasma exposure (AUC) at the highest dose tested was 2 times that in humans at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 9 g per night.

The results of 2-year carcinogenicity studies in mouse and rat with gamma-butyrolactone, a compound that is metabolized to sodium oxybate in vivo, showed no clear evidence of carcinogenic activity. The plasma AUCs of sodium oxybate achieved at the highest doses tested in these studies were less than that in humans at the MRHD.

Mutagenesis

Sodium oxybate was negative in the in vitro bacterial gene mutation assay, an in vitro chromosomal aberration assay in mammalian cells, and in an in vivo rat micronucleus assay.

Impairment of Fertility

Oral administration of sodium oxybate (150, 350, or 1,000 mg/kg/day) to male and female rats prior to and throughout mating and continuing in females through early gestation resulted in no adverse effects on fertility. The highest dose tested is approximately equal to the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis.

The effectiveness of LUMRYZ for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in adults with narcolepsy has been established based on a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-arm multi-center study to assess the efficacy and safety of a once nightly administration of LUMRYZ in patients with narcolepsy (Study 1; NCT02720744).

A total of 212 patients were randomized to receive LUMRYZ or placebo in a 1:1 ratio and received at least one dose of study drug.  The study was divided into four sequential study periods, and incorporated dose titration to stabilized dose administration of LUMRYZ (4.5 g, 6 g, 7.5 g, and 9 g). There was a three-week screening period, a 13-week treatment period including up-titration over a period of eight weeks, five weeks of stable dosing at 9 g/night, and a one-week follow-up period. Patients could be on concomitant stimulant as long as dosage was stable for 3 weeks prior to study start.

The three co-primary endpoints were the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT), Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I), and mean change in weekly cataplexy attacks. The MWT measures latency to sleep onset (in minutes), averaged over five sessions at 2-hour intervals following nocturnal polysomnography.  For each test session, patients were instructed to remain awake for as long as possible during 30-minute test sessions, and sleep latency was determined as the number of minutes patients could remain awake.  The overall score was the mean sleep latency for the 5 sessions. The CGI-I was evaluated on a 7-point scale, centered at No Change, and ranging from Very Much Worse to Very Much Improved.  Patients were rated by evaluators who based their assessments on the severity of narcolepsy at Baseline.

Demographic and mean baseline characteristics were similar for the LUMRYZ and placebo groups. A total of 76% were narcolepsy type 1 (NT1; with both symptoms of EDS and cataplexy) patients, and 24% were narcolepsy type 2 (NT2; with symptoms of EDS and without cataplexy) patients.  The mean age was 31 years, and 68% were female. Approximately 63% of patients were on concomitant stimulant use. The mean MWT at baseline was 5 minutes for the LUMRYZ group, and 4.7 minutes for the placebo group. The mean number of cataplexy attacks per week at baseline was 18.9 in the LUMRYZ group and 19.8 in the placebo group. A statistically significant improvement was seen on the MWT, CGI-I, and mean weekly cataplexy attacks, for the 6 g (Week 3), 7.5 g (Week 8), and 9 g (Week 13) dose of LUMRYZ, compared to the placebo group (see Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table> <caption> <span>Table 3: Change from Baseline in the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test </span> </caption> <thead> <tr class="First First Last Last"> <td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Dose</span> </p> </td><td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Treatment Group (N)</span> </p> </td><td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Change from Baseline (Minutes)*</span> </p> </td><td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Difference from Placebo [95% CI]</span> </p> </td><td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">p-value</span> </p> </td> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr class="First First Last Last"> <td class="Toprule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First">*Mean MWT at baseline was 5.0 minutes for the LUMRYZ group and 4.7 minutes for the placebo group</p> <p></p> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">6 g (Week 3)</p> </td><td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">LUMRYZ (87)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8.1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5.0 [2.90;7.05]</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Placebo (88)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3.1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2"> <p class="First">7.5 g (Week 8)</p> </td><td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">LUMRYZ (76)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9.6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6.2 [3.84;8.58]</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">Placebo (78)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">3.3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">-</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2"> <p class="First">9 g (Week 13)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">LUMRYZ (68)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">10.8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">6.1 [3.52;8.75]</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">Placebo (78)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">4.7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">-</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

<div class="scrollingtable"><table> <caption> <span>Table 4: Proportion of Patients with a Very Much or Much Improved Clinical Global Impression-Improvement</span> </caption> <thead> <tr class="First First Last Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Dose</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Treatment Group (N)</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Percentage of Responders (Much or Very Much Improved)</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Odds Ratio [95% CI]</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">p-value</span> </p> </td> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">6 g (Week 3)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">LUMRYZ (87)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">40</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">10.3 [3.93;26.92]</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Placebo (87)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">7.5 g (Week 8)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">LUMRYZ (75)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">64</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5.7 [2.82;11.40]</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Placebo (81)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">22</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">9 g (Week 13)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">LUMRYZ (69)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">73</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5.6 [2.76;11.23]</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Placebo (79)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">32</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

<div class="scrollingtable"><table> <caption> <span>Table 5: Change from Baseline in the Mean Cataplexy Attacks Per Week in NT1 Patients</span> </caption> <thead> <tr class="First First Last Last"> <td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Dose</span> </p> </td><td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Treatment Group (N)</span> </p> </td><td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Change from Baseline<span class="Sup">*</span></span> </p> </td><td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Difference from Placebo [95% CI]</span> </p> </td><td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">p-value</span> </p> </td> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr class="First First Last Last"> <td class="Toprule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First">*Mean (SD) number of cataplexy attacks per week at baseline was 18.9 (8.7) in the LUMRYZ group and 19.8 (8.9) in the placebo group</p> <p></p> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">6 g (Week 3)</p> </td><td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">LUMRYZ (73)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-7.4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-4.8 [-7.03;-2.62]</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Placebo (72)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-2.6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">7.5 g (Week 8)</p> </td><td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">LUMRYZ (66)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-10.0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-6.3 [-8.74;-3.80]</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Placebo (69)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-3.7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">9 g (Week 13)</p> </td><td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">LUMRYZ (55)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-11.5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-6.7 [-9.32;-3.98]</p> </td><td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Placebo (62)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-4.9</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

The effectiveness of LUMRYZ in pediatric patients is based upon a clinical study in patients treated with immediate-release sodium oxybate, as described below.

The effectiveness of immediate-release sodium oxybate in the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness in pediatric patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy was established in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized-withdrawal study (NCT02221869). The study was conducted in 106 pediatric patients (median age: 12 years; range: 7 to 17 years) with a baseline history of at least 14 cataplexy attacks in a typical 2-week period prior to any treatment for narcolepsy symptoms. Of the 106 patients, 2 did not receive study drug and 63 patients were randomized 1:1 either to continued treatment with immediate-release sodium oxybate or to placebo. Randomization to placebo was stopped early as the efficacy criterion was met at the pre-planned interim analysis.

Patients entered the study either taking a stable dosage of immediate-release sodium oxybate or were immediate-release sodium oxybate-naïve. CNS stimulants were allowed at entry, and approximately 50% of patients continued taking a stable dose of stimulant throughout the stable-dose and double-blind periods. Immediate-release sodium oxybate-naïve patients were initiated and titrated based on body weight over a period of up to 10 weeks. The total nightly dose was administered in two divided doses, with the first dose given at nighttime and the second given 2.5 to 4 hours later. Once a stable dosage of immediate-release sodium oxybate had been achieved, these patients entered the 2-week stable-dose period; patients on a stable dosage of immediate-release sodium oxybate at study entry remained on this dosage for 3 weeks prior to randomization. Efficacy was established at dosages ranging from 3 g to 9 g of immediate-release sodium oxybate per night.

The primary efficacy measure was the change in frequency of cataplexy attacks. In addition, change in cataplexy severity was evaluated with the Clinical Global Impression of Change for cataplexy severity. The Clinical Global Impression of Change is evaluated on a 7-point scale, centered at No Change, and ranging from Very Much Worse to Very Much Improved. The efficacy of immediate-release sodium oxybate in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in pediatric patients with narcolepsy was evaluated with the change in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Child and Adolescent) score. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Child and Adolescent) is a modified version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale used in the adult clinical trial with immediate-release sodium oxybate. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale is intended to evaluate the extent of sleepiness in everyday situations by asking the patient a series of questions. In these questions, patients were asked to rate their chances of dozing during each of 8 activities on a scale from 0-3 (0=never; 1=slight; 2=moderate; 3=high). Higher total scores indicate a greater tendency to sleepiness. The overall change in narcolepsy condition was assessed by the Clinical Global Impression of Change for narcolepsy overall. Efficacy was assessed during or at the end of the 2-week double-blind treatment period, relative to the last 2 weeks or end of the stable-dose period (see Tables 6 and 7).

Pediatric patients taking stable dosages of immediate-release sodium oxybate who were withdrawn from immediate-release sodium oxybate treatment and were randomized to placebo during the double-blind treatment period experienced a statistically significant increase in weekly cataplexy attacks compared with patients who were randomized to continue treatment with immediate-release sodium oxybate. Patients randomized to receive placebo during the double-blind treatment period experienced a statistically significant worsening of EDS compared with patients randomized to continue receiving immediate-release sodium oxybate (see Table 6).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table> <caption> <span>Table 6: Number of Weekly Cataplexy Attacks and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Child and Adolescent) Score</span> </caption> <tfoot> <tr class="First First Last Last"> <td class="Toprule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"></p> <p>* For weekly number of cataplexy attacks, baseline value is calculated from the last 14 days of the stable-dose period.<br/>† For Epworth Sleepiness Scale score, baseline value is collected at the end of stable-dose period.<br/>‡ Weekly number of cataplexy attacks is calculated from all days within the double-blind treatment period.<br/>§ For Epworth Sleepiness Scale, value is collected at the end of the double-blind treatment period.<br/>¶ P-value from rank-based analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with treatment as a factor and rank baseline value as a covariate.<br/>** One patient in each of the treatment groups did not have baseline ESS score available and were not included in this analysis.</p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Treatment Group</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Baseline<span class="Sup">*,†</span></span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Double-blind Treatment Period<span class="Sup">‡,§</span></span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Median Change from Baseline</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Comparison to Placebo (p-value<span class="Sup">¶</span>)</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Median Number of Cataplexy Attacks (attacks/week)</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Placebo (n=32)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4.7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">21.3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">12.7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Immediate-release</p> <p>Sodium Oxybate (n=31)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3.5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3.8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.0001</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Median Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Child and Adolescent) Score</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Placebo (n=31<span class="Sup">**</span>)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">11</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">12</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Immediate-release</p> <p>Sodium Oxybate (n=30<span class="Sup">**</span>)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.0004</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Patients randomized to receive placebo during the double-blind treatment period experienced a statistically significant worsening of cataplexy severity and narcolepsy overall according to the clinician’s assessment compared with patients randomized to continue receiving immediate-release sodium oxybate (see Table 7).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table> <caption> <span>Table 7: Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIc) for Cataplexy Severity and Narcolepsy Overall</span> </caption> <tfoot> <tr class="First Last"> <td class="Toprule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First">* Responses indicate change of severity or symptoms relative to receiving immediate-release sodium oxybate treatment at baseline.<br/>† Percentages based on total number of observed values.<br/>‡ Two patients randomized to immediate-release sodium oxybate did not have the CGIc assessments completed and were excluded from the analysis.<br/>§ P-value from Pearson’s chi-square test.</p> <p></p> <p></p> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Worsened, %<span class="Sup">†</span></span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">CGIc Cataplexy Severity<span class="Sup">*</span></span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">CGIc Narcolepsy Overall<span class="Sup">*</span></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Placebo<br/> (n=32)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Immediate-release Sodium Oxybate<br/> (n=29)<span class="Sup">‡</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Placebo<br/> (n=32)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Immediate-release Sodium Oxybate<br/> (n=29)<span class="Sup">‡</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Much worse or very much worse</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">66%</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">17%</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">59%</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">10%</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">p-value<span class="Sup">§</span></span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.0001</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.0001</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

LUMRYZ is a blend of white to off-white granules for extended-release oral suspension in water. LUMRYZ is supplied in cartons and a 28-day starter pack.

Cartons: each carton contains either 7 or 30 packets of LUMRYZ, a mixing cup, Prescribing Information and Medication Guide, and Instructions for Use (see Table 8). Dose packets contain a single dose of LUMRYZ provided in 4.5 g, 6 g, 7.5 g, or 9 g doses.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="50%"> <caption> <span>Table 8: LUMRYZ Carton Configurations</span> </caption> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Strength</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Package Size</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">NDC Number</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">4.5 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7 packets</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">NDC 13551-001-07</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">30 packets</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">NDC 13551-001-30</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">6 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7 packets</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">NDC 13551-002-07</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">30 packets</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">NDC 13551-002-30</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">7.5 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7 packets</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">NDC 13551-003-07</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">30 packets</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">NDC 13551-003-30</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7 packets</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">NDC 13551-004-07</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule"> <p class="First">30 packets</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule"> <p class="First">NDC 13551-004-30</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

28-day Starter Pack: contains four 7-count cartons, each containing a mixing cup, Prescribing Information and Medication Guide, and Instructions for Use (see Table 9). Dose packets contain a single dose of LUMRYZ provided in 4.5 g, 6 g, or 7.5 g doses.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table> <caption> <span>Table 9: LUMRYZ Starter Pack Contents</span> </caption> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First"> <span class="Bold">28-day Starter Pack</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First"> <span class="Bold">Strength</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First"> <span class="Bold">Package Size</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First"> <span class="Bold">NDC Number</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First">Week 1</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First">4.5 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First">7 packets</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" rowspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First"></p> <p class="C-BodyText">NDC 13551-005-01</p> <p class="C-BodyText"></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First">Week 2</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First">6 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First">7 packets</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First">Week 3</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First">6 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First">7 packets</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First">Week 4</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First">7.5 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First">7 packets</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Keep out of reach of children.

LUMRYZ should be stored at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) (see USP Controlled Room Temperature).

Suspensions should be consumed within 30 minutes.

LUMRYZ is a Schedule III drug under the Controlled Substances Act. LUMRYZ should be handled according to state and federal regulations. It is safe to dispose of LUMRYZ down the sanitary sewer.

Advise the patient and/or caregiver to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use).

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Advise the patient and/or caregiver to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use)." }

Central Nervous System Depression

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nCentral Nervous System Depression\n" }

Inform patients and/or caregivers that LUMRYZ can cause central nervous system depression, including respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, syncope, and death. Instruct patients to not engage in activities requiring mental alertness or motor coordination, including operating hazardous machinery, for at least 6 hours after taking LUMRYZ. Instruct patients and/or caregivers to inform their healthcare providers of all the medications they take [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform patients and/or caregivers that LUMRYZ can cause central nervous system depression, including respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, syncope, and death. Instruct patients to not engage in activities requiring mental alertness or motor coordination, including operating hazardous machinery, for at least 6 hours after taking LUMRYZ. Instruct patients and/or caregivers to inform their healthcare providers of all the medications they take [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].\n" }

Abuse and Misuse

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nAbuse and Misuse\n" }

Inform patients and/or caregivers that the active ingredient of LUMRYZ is gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), which is associated with serious adverse reactions with illicit use and abuse [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform patients and/or caregivers that the active ingredient of LUMRYZ is gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), which is associated with serious adverse reactions with illicit use and abuse [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].\n" }

LUMRYZ REMS

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nLUMRYZ REMS\n" }

LUMRYZ is available only through a restricted program called the LUMRYZ REMS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]. Inform the patient and/or caregiver of the following notable requirements:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "LUMRYZ is available only through a restricted program called the LUMRYZ REMS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]. Inform the patient and/or caregiver of the following notable requirements:" }

         ●   LUMRYZ is dispensed only by pharmacies that are specially certified

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "         ●   LUMRYZ is dispensed only by pharmacies that are specially certified" }

         ●   LUMRYZ will be dispensed and shipped only to patients who are enrolled in the LUMRYZ REMS

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "         ●   LUMRYZ will be dispensed and shipped only to patients who are enrolled in the LUMRYZ REMS" }

LUMRYZ is available only from certified pharmacies participating in the program. Therefore, provide patients and/or caregivers with the telephone number and website for information on how to obtain the product.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "LUMRYZ is available only from certified pharmacies participating in the program. Therefore, provide patients and/or caregivers with the telephone number and website for information on how to obtain the product." }

Alcohol or Sedative Hypnotics

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nAlcohol or Sedative Hypnotics\n" }

Advise patients and/or caregivers that alcohol and other sedative hypnotics should not be taken with LUMRYZ [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Advise patients and/or caregivers that alcohol and other sedative hypnotics should not be taken with LUMRYZ [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]." }

Sedation

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nSedation\n" }

Inform patients and/or caregivers that they are likely to fall asleep quickly after taking LUMRYZ (often within 5 and usually within 15 minutes), but the time it takes to fall asleep can vary from night to night. The sudden onset of sleep, including in a standing position or while rising from bed, has led to falls complicated by injuries, in some cases requiring hospitalization [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. Instruct patients and/or caregivers that they should remain in bed following ingestion of their dose [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform patients and/or caregivers that they are likely to fall asleep quickly after taking LUMRYZ (often within 5 and usually within 15 minutes), but the time it takes to fall asleep can vary from night to night. The sudden onset of sleep, including in a standing position or while rising from bed, has led to falls complicated by injuries, in some cases requiring hospitalization [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. Instruct patients and/or caregivers that they should remain in bed following ingestion of their dose [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)]." }

Food Effects on LUMRYZ

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nFood Effects on LUMRYZ\n" }

Inform patients and/or caregivers that LUMRYZ should be taken at least 2 hours after eating.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform patients and/or caregivers that LUMRYZ should be taken at least 2 hours after eating." }

Respiratory Depression and Sleep-Disordered Breathing

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRespiratory Depression and Sleep-Disordered Breathing\n" }

Inform patients and/or caregivers that LUMRYZ may impair respiratory drive, especially in patients with compromised respiratory function, and may cause apnea [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform patients and/or caregivers that LUMRYZ may impair respiratory drive, especially in patients with compromised respiratory function, and may cause apnea [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].\n" }

Depression and Suicidality

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nDepression and Suicidality\n" }

Instruct patients and/or caregivers to contact a healthcare provider immediately if they develop depressed mood, markedly diminished interest or pleasure in usual activities, significant change in weight and/or appetite, psychomotor agitation or retardation, increased fatigue, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, slowed thinking or impaired concentration, or suicidal ideation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Instruct patients and/or caregivers to contact a healthcare provider immediately if they develop depressed mood, markedly diminished interest or pleasure in usual activities, significant change in weight and/or appetite, psychomotor agitation or retardation, increased fatigue, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, slowed thinking or impaired concentration, or suicidal ideation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].\n" }

Other Behavioral or Psychiatric Adverse Reactions

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nOther Behavioral or Psychiatric Adverse Reactions\n" }

Inform patients and/or caregivers that LUMRYZ can cause behavioral or psychiatric adverse reactions, including confusion, anxiety, and psychosis. Instruct them to notify their healthcare provider if any of these types of symptoms occur [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform patients and/or caregivers that LUMRYZ can cause behavioral or psychiatric adverse reactions, including confusion, anxiety, and psychosis. Instruct them to notify their healthcare provider if any of these types of symptoms occur [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].\n" }

Sleepwalking

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nSleepwalking\n" }

Instruct patients and/or caregivers that LUMRYZ has been associated with sleepwalking and other behaviors during sleep, and to contact their healthcare provider if this occurs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Instruct patients and/or caregivers that LUMRYZ has been associated with sleepwalking and other behaviors during sleep, and to contact their healthcare provider if this occurs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].\n" }

Sodium Intake

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nSodium Intake\n" }

Instruct patients and/or caregivers that LUMRYZ contains a significant amount of sodium and patients who are sensitive to sodium intake (e.g., those with heart failure, hypertension, or renal impairment) should limit their sodium intake [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Instruct patients and/or caregivers that LUMRYZ contains a significant amount of sodium and patients who are sensitive to sodium intake (e.g., those with heart failure, hypertension, or renal impairment) should limit their sodium intake [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].\n" }

Distributed By:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nDistributed By:\n" }

Avadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC Chesterfield, MO

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Avadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC Chesterfield, MO" }

Protected by U.S. Patent No. D1,032,378

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Protected by U.S. Patent No. D1,032,378" }

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="90%"> <caption> <span></span> </caption> <tfoot> <tr class="First First Last Last"> <td valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First">This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.                                                        Revised: 10/2024</p> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Medication Guide<br/>LUMRYZ</span><span class="Sup">TM</span><span class="Bold"> (LOOM rize)<br/>(sodium oxybate)<br/>for extended-release oral suspension, CIII</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First">Read this Medication Guide carefully before you start taking LUMRYZ and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking to your doctor about your medical condition or treatment.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First"> <span class="Bold">What is the most important information I should know about LUMRYZ?</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   LUMRYZ is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant. Taking LUMRYZ with other CNS depressants such as medicines used to make you fall asleep, including opioid analgesics, benzodiazepines, sedating antidepressants, antipsychotics, sedating anti-epileptic medicines, general anesthetics, muscle relaxants, alcohol, or street drugs, may cause serious medical problems, including:</p> <p class="C-BodyText">                ○   trouble breathing (respiratory depression)</p> <p class="C-BodyText">                ○   low blood pressure (hypotension)</p> <p class="C-BodyText">                ○   changes in alertness (drowsiness)</p> <p class="C-BodyText">                ○   fainting (syncope)</p> <p class="C-BodyText">                ○   death</p> <p class="C-BodyText">                Ask your doctor if you are not sure if you are taking a medicine listed above.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   LUMRYZ is a federal controlled substance (CIII). The active ingredient of LUMRYZ is a form of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) that is also a federal controlled substance (CI). Abuse of illegal GHB, either alone or with other CNS depressants may cause serious medical problems, including:</p> <p class="C-BodyText">                ○   seizure</p> <p class="C-BodyText">                ○   trouble breathing (respiratory depression)</p> <p class="C-BodyText">                ○   changes in alertness (drowsiness)</p> <p class="C-BodyText">                ○   coma</p> <p class="C-BodyText">                ○   death</p> <p class="C-BodyText">                Call your doctor right away if you have any of these serious side effects.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   Anyone who takes LUMRYZ should not do anything that requires them to be fully awake or is dangerous, including driving a car, using heavy machinery, or flying an airplane, for at least 6 hours after taking LUMRYZ. Those activities should not be done until you know how LUMRYZ affects you.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   Keep LUMRYZ in a safe place to prevent abuse and misuse. Selling or giving away LUMRYZ may harm others and is against the law. Tell your doctor if you have ever abused or been dependent on alcohol, prescription medicines, or street drugs.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   Because of the risk of CNS depression, abuse, and misuse, LUMRYZ is available only by prescription and filled through certified pharmacies in the LUMRYZ REMS. You must be enrolled in the LUMRYZ REMS to receive LUMRYZ. For more information on how to receive LUMRYZ, visit <a href="http://www.lumryzrems.com/">www.LUMRYZREMS.com</a>. Before you receive LUMRYZ, your doctor or pharmacist will make sure that you understand how to use LUMRYZ safely and effectively. If you have any questions about LUMRYZ, ask your doctor or call the LUMRYZ REMS at 1-877-453-1029.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First"> <span class="Bold">What is LUMRYZ?</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText">LUMRYZ is a prescription medicine used in people 7 years of age or older to treat the following symptoms of narcolepsy:</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   sudden onset of weak or paralyzed muscles (cataplexy), or</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)</p> <br/> <p class="C-BodyText">It is not known if LUMRYZ is safe and effective in children under 7 years of age.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First"> <span class="Bold">Do not take LUMRYZ if you or your child:</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   take other sleep medicines or sedatives (medicines that cause sleepiness)</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   drink alcohol</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   have a rare problem called succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First"> <span class="Bold">Before taking LUMRYZ, tell your doctor about all medical conditions, including if you or your child:</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   have a history of drug abuse.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   have short periods of not breathing while sleeping (sleep apnea).</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   have trouble breathing or have lung problems. You or your child may have a higher chance of having serious breathing problems when taking LUMRYZ.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   have or had depression or have tried to harm yourself. You or your child should be watched carefully for new symptoms of depression.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   have or had behavior or other psychiatric problems such as:</p> <p class="C-BodyText">           ○   anxiety</p> <p class="C-BodyText">           ○   seeing or hearing things that are not real (hallucinations)</p> <p class="C-BodyText">           ○   feeling more suspicious (paranoia)</p> <p class="C-BodyText">           ○   being out of touch with reality (psychosis)</p> <p class="C-BodyText">           ○   acting aggressive</p> <p class="C-BodyText">           ○   agitation</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   have liver problems.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   are on a salt-restricted diet. LUMRYZ contains a lot of sodium (salt) and may not be right for you or your child.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   have high blood pressure.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   have heart failure.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   have kidney problems.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if LUMRYZ can harm your unborn baby.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. LUMRYZ passes into breast milk. You and your doctor should decide if you or your child will take LUMRYZ or breastfeed.</p> <p class="C-BodyText"> <span class="Bold">Tell your doctor about all the medicines you or your child take</span>, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">Especially, tell your doctor if you or your child take other medicines to help you or your child sleep (sedatives) or that may make you or your child sleepy, such as some medicines to treat pain, anxiety, depression, or seizures. Know the medicines you or your child takes. Keep a list of them to show your doctor and pharmacist when you or your child get a new medicine.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First"> <span class="Bold">How should I take or give LUMRYZ?</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   Read the <span class="Bold">Instructions for Use</span> for detailed instructions on how to take or give LUMRYZ.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   Take or give LUMRYZ exactly as your doctor tells you to take or give it.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   LUMRYZ is taken by mouth 1 time at bedtime.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   Wait at least 2 hours after eating before taking or giving LUMRYZ.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   After mixing LUMRYZ, take or give it within 30 minutes. Do not mix LUMRYZ with hot water.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   Take or give LUMRYZ at bedtime while you or your child is in bed and lie down immediately. You or your child should remain in bed after taking LUMRYZ.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   LUMRYZ can cause physical dependence and craving for the medicine when it is not taken as directed.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   Never change the LUMRYZ dose without talking to your or your child's doctor.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   LUMRYZ can cause sleep very quickly without feeling drowsy. Some people fall asleep within 5 minutes and most fall asleep within 15 minutes. The time it takes to fall asleep might be different from night to night.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   Falling asleep quickly, including while standing or while getting up from the bed, has led to falls with injuries that have required some people to be hospitalized.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   If you or your child take too much LUMRYZ, call your doctor or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First"> <span class="Bold">What are the possible side effects of LUMRYZ?</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText"> <span class="Bold">LUMRYZ can cause serious side effects, including:</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   See <span class="Bold">“What is the most important information I should know about LUMRYZ?”</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText"> <span class="Bold">      ●   breathing problems, including:</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText">          ○   slower breathing.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">          ○   trouble breathing.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">          ○   short periods of not breathing while sleeping (sleep apnea).</p> <p>          People who already have breathing or lung problems have a higher chance of having breathing problems when they use LUMRYZ.</p> <p class="C-BodyText"> <span class="Bold">      ●   mental health problems, including:</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText">          ○   confusion</p> <p class="C-BodyText">          ○   seeing or hearing things that are not real (hallucinations)</p> <p class="C-BodyText">          ○   unusual or disturbing thoughts (abnormal thinking)</p> <p class="C-BodyText">          ○   feeling anxious or upset</p> <p class="C-BodyText">          ○   depression</p> <p class="C-BodyText">          ○   thoughts of killing yourself or trying to kill yourself</p> <p class="C-BodyText">          ○   increased tiredness</p> <p class="C-BodyText">          ○   feelings of guilt or worthlessness</p> <p class="C-BodyText">          ○   difficulty concentrating</p> <p class="C-BodyText"> <span class="Bold">           Call your doctor right away if you or your child has symptoms of mental health problems, or a change in weight or appetite.</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText"> <span class="Bold">      ●   sleepwalking. </span>Sleepwalking can cause injuries. Call your doctor if you start or your child starts sleepwalking. Your doctor should check you or your child.</p> <br/> <p class="C-BodyText"> <span class="Bold">The most common side effects of LUMRYZ in adults include:</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText">     ●   nausea</p> <p class="C-BodyText">     ●   dizziness</p> <p class="C-BodyText">     ●   bedwetting</p> <p class="C-BodyText">     ●   headache</p> <p class="C-BodyText">     ●   vomiting</p> <br/> <p class="C-BodyText"> <span class="Bold">The most common side effects of LUMRYZ in children 7 years of age and older include</span>:  </p> <p class="C-BodyText">     ●   nausea                ●   decreased weight</p> <p class="C-BodyText">     ●   bedwetting         ●   decreased appetite</p> <p class="C-BodyText">     ●   vomiting            ●   dizziness</p> <p class="C-BodyText">     ●   headache            ●   sleepwalking</p> <br/> <p class="C-BodyText">Side effects may increase when taking higher doses of LUMRYZ.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">These are not all the possible side effects of LUMRYZ. For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First"> <span class="Bold">How should I store LUMRYZ?</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   Store LUMRYZ at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   Store LUMRYZ in the original packet prior to mixing with water.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   LUMRYZ suspension should be taken within 30 minutes of preparation.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">      ●   When you have finished using the LUMRYZ packet, throw it away (dispose of it) in the trash. If any LUMRYZ remains in the packet, rinse it down the sink before throwing away. </p> <p class="C-BodyText"> <span class="Bold">Keep LUMRYZ and all medicines out of the reach of children and pets.</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First"> <span class="Bold">General information about the safe and effective use of LUMRYZ.</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText">Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use LUMRYZ for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give LUMRYZ to other people, even if they have the same symptoms. It may harm them.</p> <p class="C-BodyText">You can ask your pharmacist or doctor for information about LUMRYZ that is written for health professionals.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="C-BodyText First First"> <span class="Bold">What are the ingredients in LUMRYZ?</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText"> <span class="Bold">Active ingredients: </span>sodium oxybate</p> <p class="C-BodyText"> <span class="Bold">Inactive ingredients: </span>carrageenan, hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydroxyethyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, malic acid, methacrylic acid copolymer, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, xanthan gum.   </p> <p class="C-BodyText"> <span class="Bold">Distributed By:</span> </p> <p class="C-BodyText">Avadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC Chesterfield, MO 63005</p> <p class="C-BodyText">For more information, go to <a href="http://www.lumryzrems.com/">www.LUMRYZREMS.com</a> or call the LUMRYZ REMS at 1-877-453-1029.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

{ "type": "table", "children": [], "text": "<div class=\"scrollingtable\"><table width=\"90%\">\n<caption>\n<span></span>\n</caption>\n<tfoot>\n<tr class=\"First First Last Last\">\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"C-BodyText First First\">This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.                                                        Revised: 10/2024</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tfoot>\n<tbody class=\"Headless\">\n<tr class=\"First\">\n<td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Medication Guide<br/>LUMRYZ</span><span class=\"Sup\">TM</span><span class=\"Bold\"> (LOOM rize)<br/>(sodium oxybate)<br/>for extended-release oral suspension, CIII</span>\n</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"C-BodyText First First\">Read this Medication Guide carefully before you start taking LUMRYZ and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking to your doctor about your medical condition or treatment.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"C-BodyText First First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What is the most important information I should know about LUMRYZ?</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   LUMRYZ is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant. Taking LUMRYZ with other CNS depressants such as medicines used to make you fall asleep, including opioid analgesics, benzodiazepines, sedating antidepressants, antipsychotics, sedating anti-epileptic medicines, general anesthetics, muscle relaxants, alcohol, or street drugs, may cause serious medical problems, including:</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">                ○   trouble breathing (respiratory depression)</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">                ○   low blood pressure (hypotension)</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">                ○   changes in alertness (drowsiness)</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">                ○   fainting (syncope)</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">                ○   death</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">                Ask your doctor if you are not sure if you are taking a medicine listed above.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   LUMRYZ is a federal controlled substance (CIII). The active ingredient of LUMRYZ is a form of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) that is also a federal controlled substance (CI). Abuse of illegal GHB, either alone or with other CNS depressants may cause serious medical problems, including:</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">                ○   seizure</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">                ○   trouble breathing (respiratory depression)</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">                ○   changes in alertness (drowsiness)</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">                ○   coma</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">                ○   death</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">                Call your doctor right away if you have any of these serious side effects.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   Anyone who takes LUMRYZ should not do anything that requires them to be fully awake or is dangerous, including driving a car, using heavy machinery, or flying an airplane, for at least 6 hours after taking LUMRYZ. Those activities should not be done until you know how LUMRYZ affects you.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   Keep LUMRYZ in a safe place to prevent abuse and misuse. Selling or giving away LUMRYZ may harm others and is against the law. Tell your doctor if you have ever abused or been dependent on alcohol, prescription medicines, or street drugs.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   Because of the risk of CNS depression, abuse, and misuse, LUMRYZ is available only by prescription and filled through certified pharmacies in the LUMRYZ REMS. You must be enrolled in the LUMRYZ REMS to receive LUMRYZ. For more information on how to receive LUMRYZ, visit <a href=\"http://www.lumryzrems.com/\">www.LUMRYZREMS.com</a>. Before you receive LUMRYZ, your doctor or pharmacist will make sure that you understand how to use LUMRYZ safely and effectively. If you have any questions about LUMRYZ, ask your doctor or call the LUMRYZ REMS at 1-877-453-1029.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"C-BodyText First First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What is LUMRYZ?</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">LUMRYZ is a prescription medicine used in people 7 years of age or older to treat the following symptoms of narcolepsy:</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   sudden onset of weak or paralyzed muscles (cataplexy), or</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)</p>\n<br/>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">It is not known if LUMRYZ is safe and effective in children under 7 years of age.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"C-BodyText First First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Do not take LUMRYZ if you or your child:</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   take other sleep medicines or sedatives (medicines that cause sleepiness)</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   drink alcohol</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   have a rare problem called succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"C-BodyText First First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Before taking LUMRYZ, tell your doctor about all medical conditions, including if you or your child:</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   have a history of drug abuse.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   have short periods of not breathing while sleeping (sleep apnea).</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   have trouble breathing or have lung problems. You or your child may have a higher chance of having serious breathing problems when taking LUMRYZ.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   have or had depression or have tried to harm yourself. You or your child should be watched carefully for new symptoms of depression.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   have or had behavior or other psychiatric problems such as:</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">           ○   anxiety</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">           ○   seeing or hearing things that are not real (hallucinations)</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">           ○   feeling more suspicious (paranoia)</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">           ○   being out of touch with reality (psychosis)</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">           ○   acting aggressive</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">           ○   agitation</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   have liver problems.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   are on a salt-restricted diet. LUMRYZ contains a lot of sodium (salt) and may not be right for you or your child.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   have high blood pressure.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   have heart failure.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   have kidney problems.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if LUMRYZ can harm your unborn baby.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. LUMRYZ passes into breast milk. You and your doctor should decide if you or your child will take LUMRYZ or breastfeed.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Tell your doctor about all the medicines you or your child take</span>, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">Especially, tell your doctor if you or your child take other medicines to help you or your child sleep (sedatives) or that may make you or your child sleepy, such as some medicines to treat pain, anxiety, depression, or seizures. Know the medicines you or your child takes. Keep a list of them to show your doctor and pharmacist when you or your child get a new medicine.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"C-BodyText First First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">How should I take or give LUMRYZ?</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   Read the <span class=\"Bold\">Instructions for Use</span> for detailed instructions on how to take or give LUMRYZ.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   Take or give LUMRYZ exactly as your doctor tells you to take or give it.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   LUMRYZ is taken by mouth 1 time at bedtime.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   Wait at least 2 hours after eating before taking or giving LUMRYZ.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   After mixing LUMRYZ, take or give it within 30 minutes. Do not mix LUMRYZ with hot water.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   Take or give LUMRYZ at bedtime while you or your child is in bed and lie down immediately. You or your child should remain in bed after taking LUMRYZ.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   LUMRYZ can cause physical dependence and craving for the medicine when it is not taken as directed.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   Never change the LUMRYZ dose without talking to your or your child's doctor.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   LUMRYZ can cause sleep very quickly without feeling drowsy. Some people fall asleep within 5 minutes and most fall asleep within 15 minutes. The time it takes to fall asleep might be different from night to night.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   Falling asleep quickly, including while standing or while getting up from the bed, has led to falls with injuries that have required some people to be hospitalized.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   If you or your child take too much LUMRYZ, call your doctor or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"C-BodyText First First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What are the possible side effects of LUMRYZ?</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">LUMRYZ can cause serious side effects, including:</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   See <span class=\"Bold\">“What is the most important information I should know about LUMRYZ?”</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">      ●   breathing problems, including:</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">          ○   slower breathing.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">          ○   trouble breathing.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">          ○   short periods of not breathing while sleeping (sleep apnea).</p>\n<p>          People who already have breathing or lung problems have a higher chance of having breathing problems when they use LUMRYZ.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">      ●   mental health problems, including:</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">          ○   confusion</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">          ○   seeing or hearing things that are not real (hallucinations)</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">          ○   unusual or disturbing thoughts (abnormal thinking)</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">          ○   feeling anxious or upset</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">          ○   depression</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">          ○   thoughts of killing yourself or trying to kill yourself</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">          ○   increased tiredness</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">          ○   feelings of guilt or worthlessness</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">          ○   difficulty concentrating</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">           Call your doctor right away if you or your child has symptoms of mental health problems, or a change in weight or appetite.</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">      ●   sleepwalking. </span>Sleepwalking can cause injuries. Call your doctor if you start or your child starts sleepwalking. Your doctor should check you or your child.</p>\n<br/>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">The most common side effects of LUMRYZ in adults include:</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">     ●   nausea</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">     ●   dizziness</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">     ●   bedwetting</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">     ●   headache</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">     ●   vomiting</p>\n<br/>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">The most common side effects of LUMRYZ in children 7 years of age and older include</span>:  </p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">     ●   nausea                ●   decreased weight</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">     ●   bedwetting         ●   decreased appetite</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">     ●   vomiting            ●   dizziness</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">     ●   headache            ●   sleepwalking</p>\n<br/>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">Side effects may increase when taking higher doses of LUMRYZ.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">These are not all the possible side effects of LUMRYZ. For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"C-BodyText First First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">How should I store LUMRYZ?</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   Store LUMRYZ at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   Store LUMRYZ in the original packet prior to mixing with water.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   LUMRYZ suspension should be taken within 30 minutes of preparation.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">      ●   When you have finished using the LUMRYZ packet, throw it away (dispose of it) in the trash. If any LUMRYZ remains in the packet, rinse it down the sink before throwing away. </p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Keep LUMRYZ and all medicines out of the reach of children and pets.</span>\n</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"C-BodyText First First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">General information about the safe and effective use of LUMRYZ.</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use LUMRYZ for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give LUMRYZ to other people, even if they have the same symptoms. It may harm them.</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">You can ask your pharmacist or doctor for information about LUMRYZ that is written for health professionals.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Last\">\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"C-BodyText First First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What are the ingredients in LUMRYZ?</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Active ingredients: </span>sodium oxybate</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Inactive ingredients: </span>carrageenan, hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydroxyethyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, malic acid, methacrylic acid copolymer, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, xanthan gum.   </p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Distributed By:</span>\n</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">Avadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC Chesterfield, MO 63005</p>\n<p class=\"C-BodyText\">For more information, go to <a href=\"http://www.lumryzrems.com/\">www.LUMRYZREMS.com</a> or call the LUMRYZ REMS at 1-877-453-1029.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table></div>" }

This Instructions for Use contains information on how to take LUMRYZ. Read this Instructions for Use before you (or your child) take LUMRYZ and each time you (or your child) get a refill. There may be new information.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "This Instructions for Use contains information on how to take LUMRYZ. Read this Instructions for Use before you (or your child) take LUMRYZ and each time you (or your child) get a refill. There may be new information." }

This information does not take the place of talking to your doctor about your (or your child's) medical condition or your (or your child's) treatment. If you have questions, please talk with your doctor.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "This information does not take the place of talking to your doctor about your (or your child's) medical condition or your (or your child's) treatment. If you have questions, please talk with your doctor.\n" }

● Take (or give) 1 packet of LUMRYZ each day at bedtime.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Take (or give) 1 packet of LUMRYZ each day at bedtime." }

● You will need to mix LUMRYZ with water before you take or give your child the dose. 

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● You will need to mix LUMRYZ with water before you take or give your child the dose. " }

● You (or your child) should avoid getting out of bed after taking LUMRYZ. Some people fall asleep within 5 minutes of taking LUMRYZ and most will fall asleep within 15 minutes. The time it takes to fall asleep might be different from night to night. 

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● You (or your child) should avoid getting out of bed after taking LUMRYZ. Some people fall asleep within 5 minutes of taking LUMRYZ and most will fall asleep within 15 minutes. The time it takes to fall asleep might be different from night to night. " }

● Medicines that cause sleepiness should not be used while taking LUMRYZ.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Medicines that cause sleepiness should not be used while taking LUMRYZ." }

● Do not use LUMRYZ with alcohol.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Do not use LUMRYZ with alcohol." }

● Do not drive or operate heavy machinery within 6 hours of taking LUMRYZ. Those activities should not be done until you know how LUMRYZ affects you.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Do not drive or operate heavy machinery within 6 hours of taking LUMRYZ. Those activities should not be done until you know how LUMRYZ affects you." }

● Mix and take (or give) LUMRYZ within 30 minutes. If not taken or given within 30 minutes of mixing, throw it away (dispose of it) and prepare a new dose.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Mix and take (or give) LUMRYZ within 30 minutes. If not taken or given within 30 minutes of mixing, throw it away (dispose of it) and prepare a new dose." }

LUMRYZ comes in different package sizes. The LUMRYZ package you receive may look different from the picture shown above.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "LUMRYZ comes in different package sizes. The LUMRYZ package you receive may look different from the picture shown above." }

Additional supplies needed

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nAdditional supplies needed\n" }

● Store LUMRYZ at room temperature, between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Store LUMRYZ at room temperature, between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C)." }

● Store LUMRYZ in the original packet prior to mixing with water. 

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Store LUMRYZ in the original packet prior to mixing with water. " }

● LUMRYZ suspension should be taken within 30 minutes of preparation.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● LUMRYZ suspension should be taken within 30 minutes of preparation." }

● When you have finished using the LUMRYZ packet, throw it away (dispose of it) in the trash. If any LUMRYZ remains in the packet, rinse it down the sink before throwing away.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● When you have finished using the LUMRYZ packet, throw it away (dispose of it) in the trash. If any LUMRYZ remains in the packet, rinse it down the sink before throwing away." }

● Store LUMRYZ and all medicines out of the reach of children and pets.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Store LUMRYZ and all medicines out of the reach of children and pets." }

● Before using a new LUMRYZ carton, check the tamper-evident seal on the carton lid to make sure it is not missing or broken.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Before using a new LUMRYZ carton, check the tamper-evident seal on the carton lid to make sure it is not missing or broken." }

● Do not use if the tamper-evident seal is missing or broken.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Do not use if the tamper-evident seal is missing or broken." }

● Check the expiration date (EXP) on the LUMRYZ carton.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Check the expiration date (EXP) on the LUMRYZ carton." }

● Do not use LUMRYZ after the expiration date (EXP) on the label has passed.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Do not use LUMRYZ after the expiration date (EXP) on the label has passed." }

● Open the LUMRYZ carton by tearing the tamper-evident seal with your hands or by using a pair of scissors.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Open the LUMRYZ carton by tearing the tamper-evident seal with your hands or by using a pair of scissors." }

● Clean the mixing cup by rinsing it with water and letting it dry before each use.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Clean the mixing cup by rinsing it with water and letting it dry before each use." }

● Do not use a measuring device other than the mixing cup that comes in your LUMRYZ carton to measure and take a dose of LUMRYZ.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Do not use a measuring device other than the mixing cup that comes in your LUMRYZ carton to measure and take a dose of LUMRYZ." }

● Check the expiration date (EXP) on the packet label. Do not use the LUMRYZ packet after the expiration date (EXP) has passed.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "● Check the expiration date (EXP) on the packet label. Do not use the LUMRYZ packet after the expiration date (EXP) has passed." }

Important: Make sure to prepare LUMRYZ at bedside.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nImportant: Make sure to prepare LUMRYZ at bedside.\n" }

1.) At your (or your child's) bedside, open the mixing cup by twisting the cap to the left (counter-clockwise) to remove it.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "1.) At your (or your child's) bedside, open the mixing cup by twisting the cap to the left (counter-clockwise) to remove it." }

2.) Fill the mixing cup with water up to Fill Line A (top line) and set the mixing cup down on a flat surface.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "2.) Fill the mixing cup with water up to Fill Line A (top line) and set the mixing cup down on a flat surface." }

3.) Open 1 packet:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "3.) Open 1 packet:" }

Use scissors to cut open the packet along the Cutting Line, located on the back of the packet.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Use scissors to cut open the packet along the Cutting Line, located on the back of the packet." }

Fold the packet in half at the gray Tear Mark located on the back of the packet.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Fold the packet in half at the gray Tear Mark located on the back of the packet." }

Tear the packet open with your hands.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Tear the packet open with your hands." }

4.) Pour the entire content from the packet into the water-filled mixing cup.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "4.) Pour the entire content from the packet into the water-filled mixing cup." }

Make sure there is no powder left in the packet.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nMake sure there is no powder left in the packet.\n" }

5.) Close the mixing cup by twisting the cap to the right (clockwise) until firmly closed.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "5.) Close the mixing cup by twisting the cap to the right (clockwise) until firmly closed." }

6.) Mix the water and powder solution by shaking the closed mixing cup well for at least 60 seconds (1 minute).

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "6.) Mix the water and powder solution by shaking the closed mixing cup well for at least 60 seconds (1 minute)." }

 7.) Make sure the solution is mixed thoroughly.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": " 7.) Make sure the solution is mixed thoroughly." }

The mixed solution will appear slightly milky with some lumps.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "The mixed solution will appear slightly milky with some lumps." }

The mixing cup cap is not child resistant. If the mixed solution is not drank immediately, then do not remove the cap, and keep out of reach of children. 

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nThe mixing cup cap is not child resistant. If the mixed solution is not drank immediately, then do not remove the cap, and keep out of reach of children. \n" }

8.) Open the mixing cup by twisting the cap to the left (counter-clockwise) and remove it.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "8.) Open the mixing cup by twisting the cap to the left (counter-clockwise) and remove it." }

9.) While sitting in bed drink (or have your child drink) the mixed solution within 30 minutes of mixing.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "9.) While sitting in bed drink (or have your child drink) the mixed solution within 30 minutes of mixing." }

Make sure you (or your child) drink all the mixed solution in the mixing cup.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nMake sure you (or your child) drink all the mixed solution in the mixing cup.\n" }

10.) Immediately refill the mixing cup with water up to Fill Line B (lower line) to mix in any medicine left in the mixing cup.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "10.) Immediately refill the mixing cup with water up to Fill Line B (lower line) to mix in any medicine left in the mixing cup." }

Do not open another packet of LUMRYZ.  Take (or give) only 1 packet each day at bedtime.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nDo not open another packet of LUMRYZ.  Take (or give) only 1 packet each day at bedtime.\n" }

11.) Close the mixing cup by twisting the cap to the right (clockwise) until firmly closed.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "11.) Close the mixing cup by twisting the cap to the right (clockwise) until firmly closed." }

12.) Shake well again for 10 seconds.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "12.) Shake well again for 10 seconds." }

13.) Open the mixing cup by twisting the cap to the left (counter-clockwise) and remove it.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "13.) Open the mixing cup by twisting the cap to the left (counter-clockwise) and remove it." }

14.) Drink (or have your child drink) the mixed solution immediately after mixing.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "14.) Drink (or have your child drink) the mixed solution immediately after mixing." }

Make sure you (or your child) drink all the mixed solution in the mixing cup.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nMake sure you (or your child) drink all the mixed solution in the mixing cup.\n" }

15.) Leave the empty mixing cup at your (or your child's) bedside and immediately lie down (or have your child lie down) to go to sleep.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "15.) Leave the empty mixing cup at your (or your child's) bedside and immediately lie down (or have your child lie down) to go to sleep." }

Avoid getting out of your bed (or having your child get out of bed) after taking LUMRYZ.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nAvoid getting out of your bed (or having your child get out of bed) after taking LUMRYZ.\n" }

16.) The next day, place the empty LUMRYZ packet in the trash.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "16.) The next day, place the empty LUMRYZ packet in the trash." }

If any LUMRYZ remains in the packet, rinse it down the sink before (prior to) throwing away (disposal).

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "If any LUMRYZ remains in the packet, rinse it down the sink before (prior to) throwing away (disposal)." }

17.) Empty any unused LUMRYZ down the sink drain the next day.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "17.) Empty any unused LUMRYZ down the sink drain the next day." }

Clean the mixing cup by rinsing it with water and letting it dry before each use.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Clean the mixing cup by rinsing it with water and letting it dry before each use." }

After you (or your child) finish all of the packets in the LUMRYZ carton

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nAfter you (or your child) finish all of the packets in the LUMRYZ carton \n" }

After you have (or your child has) finished your (or your child's) last packet in the carton, throw away the rinsed mixing cup in the trash.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "After you have (or your child has) finished your (or your child's) last packet in the carton, throw away the rinsed mixing cup in the trash." }

If you have additional questions about LUMRYZ, talk with your doctor.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nIf you have additional questions about LUMRYZ, talk with your doctor. \n" }

You can also contact:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "You can also contact:" }

Avadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Avadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC" }

Chesterfield, MO 63005 USA

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Chesterfield, MO 63005 USA" }

For more information on LUMRYZ,

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nFor more information on LUMRYZ," }

visit www.lumryz.com or call

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "visit www.lumryz.com or call" }

888-8AVADEL (888-828-2335).

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "888-8AVADEL (888-828-2335)." }

© Avadel 2024. All rights reserved. AVADEL, the AVADEL logo, LUMRYZ, and the LUMRYZ logo are trademarks of an Avadel company.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "© Avadel 2024. All rights reserved. AVADEL, the AVADEL logo, LUMRYZ, and the LUMRYZ logo are trademarks of an Avadel company." }

This Instructions for Use has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "This Instructions for Use has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration." }

Revised: 10/2024

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Revised: 10/2024" }

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-001-01 - 4.5 g Packet Label

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-001-01 - 4.5 g Packet Label\n" }

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-001-07 - 4.5 g 7-count Carton Label

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-001-07 - 4.5 g 7-count Carton Label\n" }

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-001-30 - 4.5 g 30-count Carton Label

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-001-30 - 4.5 g 30-count Carton Label\n" }

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-002-01 - 6 g Packet Label

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-002-01 - 6 g Packet Label\n" }

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-002-07 - 6 g 7-count Carton Label

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-002-07 - 6 g 7-count Carton Label\n" }

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-002-30 - 6 g 30-count Carton Label

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-002-30 - 6 g 30-count Carton Label\n" }

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-003-01 - 7.5 g Packet Label

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-003-01 - 7.5 g Packet Label\n" }

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-003-07 - 7.5 g 7-count Carton Label

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-003-07 - 7.5 g 7-count Carton Label\n" }

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-003-30 - 7.5 g 30-count Carton Label

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-003-30 - 7.5 g 30-count Carton Label\n" }

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-004-01 - 9 g Packet Label

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-004-01 - 9 g Packet Label\n" }

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-004-07 - 9 g 7-count Carton Label

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-004-07 - 9 g 7-count Carton Label\n" }

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-004-30 - 9 g 30-count Carton Label

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - NDC: 13551-004-30 - 9 g 30-count Carton Label\n" }

Xyrem is indicated for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Xyrem is indicated for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy." }

The recommended starting dosage is 4.5 grams (g) per night administered orally, divided into two doses: 2.25 g at bedtime and 2.25 g taken 2.5 to 4 hours later (see Table 1). Increase the dosage by 1.5 g per night at weekly intervals (additional 0.75 g at bedtime and 0.75 g taken 2.5 to 4 hours later) to the effective dosage range of 6 g to 9 g per night orally. The dosage may be gradually titrated based on efficacy and tolerability. Doses higher than 9 g per night have not been studied and should not ordinarily be administered.

Table 1: Recommended Adult Xyrem Dose Regimen (g = grams)

<div class="scrollingtable"><table class="Noautorules" width="100%"> <col width="33%"/> <col width="33%"/> <col width="33%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">If a Patient’s Total Nightly Dose is:</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Take at Bedtime:</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Take 2.5 to 4 Hours Later:</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4.5 g per night</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2.25 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2.25 g</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6 g per night</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3 g</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7.5 g per night</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3.75 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3.75 g</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9 g per night</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4.5 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4.5 g</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Xyrem is administered orally twice nightly. The recommended starting pediatric dosage, titration regimen, and maximum total nightly dosage are based on patient weight, as specified in Table 2. The dosage may be gradually titrated based on efficacy and tolerability.

Table 2: Recommended Pediatric Xyrem Dosage for Patients 7 Years of Age and Older*

<div class="scrollingtable"><table class="Noautorules" width="100%"> <col width="14%"/> <col width="14%"/> <col width="14%"/> <col width="14%"/> <col width="14%"/> <col width="14%"/> <col width="14%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Patient Weight</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Initial Dosage</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Maximum Weekly Dosage Increase</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Maximum Recommended Dosage</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Take at Bedtime:</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Take 2.5 to 4 Hours Later:</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Take at Bedtime:</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Take 2.5 to 4 Hours Later:</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Take at Bedtime:</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Take 2.5 to 4 Hours Later:</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;20 kg**</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="6" valign="top"> <p class="First">There is insufficient information to provide specific dosing recommendations for patients who weigh less than 20 kg.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">20 kg to &lt;30 kg</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">≤1 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">≤1 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.5 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.5 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3 g</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">30 kg to &lt;45 kg</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">≤1.5 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">≤1.5 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.5 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.5 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3.75 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3.75 g</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">≥45 kg</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">≤2.25 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">≤2.25 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.75 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.75 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4.5 g</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4.5 g</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

* For patients who sleep more than 8 hours per night, the first dose of Xyrem may be given at bedtime or after an initial period of sleep.

** If Xyrem is used in patients 7 years of age and older who weigh less than 20 kg, a lower starting dosage, lower maximum weekly dosage increases, and lower total maximum nightly dosage should be considered.

Note: Some patients may achieve better responses with unequal doses at bedtime and 2.5 to 4 hours later.

The total nightly dosage of Xyrem is divided into two doses. Prepare both doses of Xyrem prior to bedtime. Prior to ingestion, each dose of Xyrem should be diluted with approximately ¼ cup (approximately 60 mL) of water in the empty pharmacy containers provided.

Take the first nightly dose of Xyrem at least 2 hours after eating [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Take the second nightly dose 2.5 to 4 hours after the first dose.

Patients should take both doses of Xyrem while in bed and lie down immediately after dosing, and remain in bed following ingestion of each dose. Xyrem may cause patients to fall asleep abruptly without first feeling drowsy [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. Patients will often fall asleep within 5 minutes of taking Xyrem, and will usually fall asleep within 15 minutes, though the time it takes any individual patient to fall asleep may vary from night to night. Patients may need to set an alarm to awaken for the second dose. Rarely, patients may take up to 2 hours to fall asleep.

If the second dose is missed, that dose should be skipped and Xyrem should not be taken again until the next night. Both Xyrem doses should never be taken at one time.

The recommended starting dosage in patients with hepatic impairment is one-half of the original dosage per night, administered orally divided into two doses [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

When initiating divalproex sodium in patients taking a stable dosage of Xyrem, a reduction of the Xyrem dosage by at least 20% is recommended with initial concomitant use [see Drug Interactions (7.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. When initiating Xyrem in patients already taking divalproex sodium, a lower starting dosage of Xyrem is recommended. Subsequently, the dosage of Xyrem can be adjusted based on individual clinical response and tolerability.

Xyrem is a clear to slightly opalescent oral solution, in a concentration of 0.5 g per mL (0.5 g/mL of sodium oxybate equivalent to 0.413 g/mL of oxybate).

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Xyrem is a clear to slightly opalescent oral solution, in a concentration of 0.5 g per mL (0.5 g/mL of sodium oxybate equivalent to 0.413 g/mL of oxybate)." }

Xyrem is contraindicated for use in:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Xyrem is contraindicated for use in:" }

{ "type": "", "children": [], "text": "" }

Xyrem is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant. In adult clinical trials at recommended doses, obtundation and clinically significant respiratory depression occurred in patients treated with Xyrem. Xyrem is contraindicated in combination with alcohol and sedative hypnotics. The concurrent use of Xyrem with other CNS depressants, including but not limited to opioid analgesics, benzodiazepines, sedating antidepressants or antipsychotics, sedating anti-epileptic drugs, general anesthetics, muscle relaxants, and/or illicit CNS depressants, may increase the risk of respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, syncope, and death. If use of these CNS depressants in combination with Xyrem is required, dose reduction or discontinuation of one or more CNS depressants (including Xyrem) should be considered. In addition, if short-term use of an opioid (e.g., post- or perioperative) is required, interruption of treatment with Xyrem should be considered.

Healthcare providers should caution patients about operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles or airplanes, until they are reasonably certain that Xyrem does not affect them adversely (e.g., impair judgment, thinking, or motor skills). Patients should not engage in hazardous occupations or activities requiring complete mental alertness or motor coordination, such as operating machinery or a motor vehicle or flying an airplane, for at least 6 hours after taking Xyrem. Patients should be queried about CNS depression‐related events upon initiation of Xyrem therapy and periodically thereafter.

Xyrem is available only through a restricted program under a REMS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

Xyrem is a Schedule III controlled substance. The active ingredient of Xyrem, sodium oxybate or gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), is a Schedule I controlled substance. Abuse of illicit GHB, either alone or in combination with other CNS depressants, is associated with CNS adverse reactions, including seizure, respiratory depression, decreases in the level of consciousness, coma, and death. The rapid onset of sedation, coupled with the amnestic features of Xyrem, particularly when combined with alcohol, has proven to be dangerous for the voluntary and involuntary user (e.g., assault victim). Because illicit use and abuse of GHB have been reported, physicians should carefully evaluate patients for a history of drug abuse and follow such patients closely, observing them for signs of misuse or abuse of GHB (e.g., increase in size or frequency of dosing, drug-seeking behavior, feigned cataplexy) [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.2)].

Xyrem is available only through a restricted program under a REMS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

Xyrem is available only through a restricted distribution program called the XYWAV and XYREM REMS because of the risks of central nervous system depression and abuse and misuse [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2)].

Notable requirements of the XYWAV and XYREM REMS include the following:

Further information is available at www.XYWAVXYREMREMS.com or 1-866-997-3688.

Xyrem may impair respiratory drive, especially in patients with compromised respiratory function. In overdoses, life-threatening respiratory depression has been reported [see Overdosage (10)].

In an adult study assessing the respiratory-depressant effects of Xyrem at doses up to 9 g per night in 21 patients with narcolepsy, no dose-related changes in oxygen saturation were demonstrated in the group as a whole. One of the four patients with preexisting, moderate-to-severe sleep apnea had significant worsening of the apnea/hypopnea index during treatment.

In an adult study assessing the effects of Xyrem 9 g per night in 50 patients with obstructive sleep apnea, Xyrem did not increase the severity of sleep-disordered breathing and did not adversely affect the average duration and severity of oxygen desaturation overall. However, there was a significant increase in the number of central apneas in patients taking Xyrem, and clinically significant oxygen desaturation (≤55%) was measured in three patients (6%) after Xyrem administration, with one patient withdrawing from the study and two continuing after single brief instances of desaturation.

During polysomnographic evaluation (PSG), central sleep apnea and oxygen desaturation were observed in pediatric patients with narcolepsy treated with Xyrem.

Prescribers should be aware that increased central apneas and clinically relevant desaturation events have been observed with Xyrem administration in adult and pediatric patients.

In adult clinical trials in 128 patients with narcolepsy, two subjects had profound CNS depression, which resolved after supportive respiratory intervention. Two other patients discontinued sodium oxybate because of severe difficulty breathing and an increase in obstructive sleep apnea. In two controlled trials assessing PSG measures in adult patients with narcolepsy, 40 of 477 patients were included with a baseline apnea/hypopnea index of 16 to 67 events per hour, indicative of mild to severe sleep-disordered breathing. None of the 40 patients had a clinically significant worsening of respiratory function as measured by apnea/hypopnea index and pulse oximetry at doses of 4.5 g to 9 g per night.

Prescribers should be aware that sleep-related breathing disorders tend to be more prevalent in obese patients, in men, in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy and among patients with narcolepsy.

In adult clinical trials in patients with narcolepsy (n=781), there were two suicides and two attempted suicides in patients treated with Xyrem, including three patients with a previous history of depressive psychiatric disorder. Of the two suicides, one patient used Xyrem in conjunction with other drugs. Xyrem was not involved in the second suicide. Adverse reactions of depression were reported by 7% of 781 patients treated with Xyrem, with four patients (<1%) discontinuing because of depression. In most cases, no change in Xyrem treatment was required.

In a controlled adult trial, with patients randomized to fixed doses of 3 g, 6 g, or 9 g per night Xyrem or placebo, there was a single event of depression at the 3 g per night dose. In another adult controlled trial, with patients titrated from an initial 4.5 g per night starting dose, the incidences of depression were 1 (1.7%), 1 (1.5%), 2 (3.2%), and 2 (3.6%) for the placebo, 4.5 g, 6 g, and 9 g per night doses, respectively.

In the pediatric clinical trial in patients with narcolepsy (n=104), one patient experienced suicidal ideation and two patients reported depression while taking Xyrem.

The emergence of depression in patients treated with Xyrem requires careful and immediate evaluation. Patients with a previous history of a depressive illness and/or suicide attempt should be monitored carefully for the emergence of depressive symptoms while taking Xyrem.

During adult clinical trials in patients with narcolepsy, 3% of 781 patients treated with Xyrem experienced confusion, with incidence generally increasing with dose.

Less than 1% of patients discontinued the drug because of confusion. Confusion was reported at all recommended doses from 6 g to 9 g per night. In a controlled trial in adults where patients were randomized to fixed total daily doses of 3 g, 6 g, or 9 g per night or placebo, a dose-response relationship for confusion was demonstrated, with 17% of patients at 9 g per night experiencing confusion. In all cases in that controlled trial, the confusion resolved soon after termination of treatment. In Trial 3 where sodium oxybate was titrated from an initial 4.5 g per night dose, there was a single event of confusion in one patient at the 9 g per night dose. In the majority of cases in all adult clinical trials in patients with narcolepsy, confusion resolved either soon after termination of dosing or with continued treatment.

Anxiety occurred in 5.8% of the 874 patients receiving Xyrem in adult clinical trials in another population.

Other neuropsychiatric reactions reported in adult clinical trials in patients with narcolepsy and the post-marketing setting included hallucinations, paranoia, psychosis, aggression, and agitation.

In the pediatric clinical trial in patients with narcolepsy, neuropsychiatric reactions, including acute psychosis, confusion, and anxiety, were reported while taking Xyrem.

The emergence or increase in the occurrence of behavioral or psychiatric events in adult and pediatric patients taking Xyrem should be carefully monitored.

Sleepwalking, defined as confused behavior occurring at night and at times associated with wandering, was reported in 6% of 781 patients with narcolepsy treated with Xyrem in adult controlled trials and long-term open-label studies, with <1% of patients discontinuing due to sleepwalking. Rates of sleepwalking were similar for patients taking placebo and patients taking Xyrem in controlled trials. It is unclear if some or all of the reported sleepwalking episodes correspond to true somnambulism, which is a parasomnia occurring during non-REM sleep, or to any other specific medical disorder. Five instances of sleepwalking with potential injury or significant injury were reported during a clinical trial of Xyrem in patients with narcolepsy.

Parasomnias, including sleepwalking, also have been reported in the pediatric clinical trial and in postmarketing experience with Xyrem. Therefore, episodes of sleepwalking should be fully evaluated and appropriate interventions considered.

Xyrem has a high salt content. In patients sensitive to salt intake (e.g., those with heart failure, hypertension, or renal impairment), consider the amount of daily sodium intake in each dose of Xyrem. Table 3 provides the approximate sodium content per Xyrem dose. Table 3Approximate Sodium Content per Total Nightly Dose of Xyrem (g = grams)

<div class="scrollingtable"><table class="Noautorules" width="100%"> <col width="50%"/> <col width="50%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Xyrem Dose</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Sodium Content/Total Nightly Exposure</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3 g per night</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">550 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4.5 g per night</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">820 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6 g per night</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1100 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7.5 g per night</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1400 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9 g per night</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1640 mg</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Adult Patients

Xyrem was studied in three placebo-controlled clinical trials (Trials N1, N3, and N4, described in Sections 14.1 and 14.2) in 611 patients with narcolepsy (398 subjects treated with Xyrem, and 213 with placebo). A total of 781 patients with narcolepsy were treated with Xyrem in controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials.

Section 6.1 and Table 4 present adverse reactions from three pooled, controlled trials (N1, N3, N4) in patients with narcolepsy.

Adverse Reactions Leading to Treatment Discontinuation:

Of the 398 patients with narcolepsy treated with Xyrem, 10.3% of patients discontinued because of adverse reactions compared with 2.8% of patients receiving placebo. The most common adverse reaction leading to discontinuation was nausea (2.8%). The majority of adverse reactions leading to discontinuation began during the first few weeks of treatment.

Commonly Observed Adverse Reactions in Controlled Clinical Trials:

The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥5% and twice the rate seen with placebo) in patients treated with Xyrem were nausea, dizziness, vomiting, somnolence, enuresis, and tremor.

Adverse Reactions Occurring at an Incidence of 2% or Greater:

Table 4 lists adverse reactions that occurred at a frequency of 2% or more in any treatment group for three controlled trials and were more frequent in any Xyrem treatment group than with placebo. Adverse reactions are summarized by dose at onset. Nearly all patients in these studies initiated treatment at 4.5 g per night. In patients who remained on treatment, adverse reactions tended to occur early and to diminish over time. Table 4 Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥2% of Adult Patients and More Frequently with Xyrem than Placebo in Three Controlled Trials (N1, N3, N4) by Body System and Dose at Onset

<div class="scrollingtable"><table class="Noautorules" width="100%"> <col width="31%"/> <col width="14%"/> <col width="15%"/> <col width="14%"/> <col width="15%"/> <thead> <tr> <th align="left" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Adverse Reaction</span></th><th align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Placebo</span> <br/> <span class="Bold">(n=213)</span> <br/> <span class="Bold">%</span></th><th align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Xyrem 4.5g</span> <br/> <span class="Bold">(n=185)</span> <br/> <span class="Bold">%</span></th><th align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Xyrem 6g</span> <br/> <span class="Bold">(n=258)</span> <br/> <span class="Bold">%</span></th><th align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Xyrem 9g</span> <br/> <span class="Bold">(n=178)</span> <br/> <span class="Bold">%</span></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">ANY ADVERSE REACTION</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">62</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">45</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">55</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">70</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Nausea</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">13</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">20</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Vomiting</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">11</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Diarrhea</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Abdominal pain upper</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Dry mouth</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">GENERAL DISORDERS AND ADMINISTRATIVE SITE CONDITIONS</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Pain</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Feeling drunk</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Edema peripheral</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Cataplexy</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Muscle spasms</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Pain in extremity</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Dizziness</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">11</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">15</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Somnolence</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Tremor</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Disturbance in attention</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Paresthesia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Sleep paralysis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Disorientation</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Irritability</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;1 </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Sleepwalking</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Anxiety</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">RENAL AND URINARY DISORDERS</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Enuresis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE DISORDERS</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Hyperhidrosis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Dose-Response Information

In clinical trials in narcolepsy, a dose-response relationship was observed for nausea, vomiting, paresthesia, disorientation, irritability, disturbance in attention, feeling drunk, sleepwalking, and enuresis. The incidence of all these reactions was notably higher at 9 g per night.

In controlled trials in narcolepsy, discontinuations of treatment due to adverse reactions were greater at higher doses of Xyrem.

Pediatric Patients (7 Years of Age and Older)

In the pediatric clinical trial (Trial N5), 104 patients aged 7 to 17 years (37 patients aged 7 to 11 years; 67 patients aged 12 to 17 years) with narcolepsy received Xyrem for up to one year. This study included an open-label safety continuation period in which eligible patients received Xyrem for up to an additional 2 years. The median and maximum exposure across the entire study were 371 and 987 days, respectively.

Adverse Reactions Leading to Treatment Discontinuation

In the pediatric clinical trial, 7 of 104 patients reported adverse reactions that led to withdrawal from the study (hallucination, tactile; suicidal ideation; weight decreased; sleep apnea syndrome; affect lability; anger, anxiety, depression; and headache).

Adverse Reactions in the Pediatric Clinical Trial

The most common adverse reactions (≥5%) were nausea (20%), enuresis (19%), vomiting (18%), headache (17%), weight decreased (13%), decreased appetite (9%), dizziness (8%), and sleepwalking (6%).

Additional information regarding safety in pediatric patients appears in the following sections:

The overall adverse reaction profile of Xyrem in the pediatric clinical trial was similar to that seen in the adult clinical trial program.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of Xyrem. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure:

Xyrem is contraindicated for use in combination with alcohol or sedative hypnotics. Use of other CNS depressants may potentiate the CNS-depressant effects of Xyrem [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Concomitant use of Xyrem with divalproex sodium results in an increase in systemic exposure to GHB, which was shown to cause a greater impairment on some tests of attention and working memory in a clinical study [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. An initial dose reduction of Xyrem is recommended when used concomitantly with divalproex sodium [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)]. Prescribers are advised to monitor patient response closely and adjust dose accordingly if concomitant use of Xyrem and divalproex sodium is warranted.

Risk Summary

There are no adequate data on the developmental risk associated with the use of sodium oxybate in pregnant women. Oral administration of sodium oxybate to pregnant rats (150, 350, or 1,000 mg/kg/day) or rabbits (300, 600, or 1,200 mg/kg/day) throughout organogenesis produced no clear evidence of developmental toxicity; however, oral administration to rats throughout pregnancy and lactation resulted in increased stillbirths and decreased offspring postnatal viability and growth, at a clinically relevant dose [see Data].

In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively. The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown.

Clinical Considerations

Labor or Delivery

Xyrem has not been studied in labor or delivery. In obstetric anesthesia using an injectable formulation of sodium oxybate, newborns had stable cardiovascular and respiratory measures but were very sleepy, causing a slight decrease in Apgar scores. There was a fall in the rate of uterine contractions 20 minutes after injection. Placental transfer is rapid and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has been detected in newborns at delivery after intravenous administration of GHB to mothers. Subsequent effects of sodium oxybate on later growth, development, and maturation in humans are unknown.

Data

Animal Data

Oral administration of sodium oxybate to pregnant rats (150, 350, or 1,000 mg/kg/day) or rabbits (300, 600, or 1,200 mg/kg/day) throughout organogenesis produced no clear evidence of developmental toxicity. The highest doses tested in rats and rabbits were approximately 1 and 3 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 9 g per night on a body surface area (mg/m2) basis.

Oral administration of sodium oxybate (150, 350, or 1,000 mg/kg/day) to rats throughout pregnancy and lactation resulted in increased stillbirths and decreased offspring postnatal viability and body weight gain at the highest dose tested. The no-effect dose for pre- and post-natal developmental toxicity in rats is less than the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis.

Risk Summary

GHB is excreted in human milk after oral administration of sodium oxybate. There is insufficient information on the risk to a breastfed infant, and there is insufficient information on milk production in nursing mothers. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for Xyrem and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from Xyrem or from the underlying maternal condition.

The safety and effectiveness of Xyrem in the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness in pediatric patients (7 years of age and older) with narcolepsy have been established in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized-withdrawal study [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) and Clinical Studies (14.3)].

In the pediatric clinical trial with Xyrem administration in patients with narcolepsy, serious adverse reactions of central sleep apnea and oxygen desaturation documented by polysomnography evaluation; depression; suicidal ideation; neuropsychiatric reactions including acute psychosis, confusion, and anxiety; and parasomnias, including sleepwalking, have been reported [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

Safety and effectiveness of Xyrem in pediatric patients below the age of 7 years have not been established.

Juvenile Animal Toxicity Data

In a study in which sodium oxybate (0, 100, 300, or 900 mg/kg/day) was orally administered to rats during the juvenile period of development (postnatal days 21 through 90), mortality was observed at the two highest doses tested. Deaths occurred during the first week of dosing and were associated with clinical signs (including decreased activity and respiratory rate) consistent with the pharmacological effects of the drug. Reduced body weight gain in males and females and delayed sexual maturation in males were observed at the highest dose tested. The no-effect dose for adverse effects in juvenile rats is associated with plasma exposures (AUC) less than that at the maximum recommended human dose (9 g/night).

Clinical studies of Xyrem in patients with narcolepsy did not include sufficient numbers of subjects age 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In controlled trials in another population, 39 (5%) of 874 patients were 65 years or older. Discontinuations of treatment due to adverse reactions were increased in the elderly compared to younger adults (21% vs. 19%). Frequency of headaches was markedly increased in the elderly (39% vs. 19%). The most common adverse reactions were similar in both age categories. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Because of an increase in exposure to Xyrem, the starting dose should be reduced by half in patients with hepatic impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Xyrem is a Schedule III controlled substance under the Federal Controlled Substances Act. Non-medical use of Xyrem could lead to penalties assessed under the higher Schedule I controls.

Xyrem (sodium oxybate), the sodium salt of GHB, produces dose-dependent central nervous system effects, including hypnotic and positive subjective reinforcing effects. The onset of effect is rapid, enhancing its potential for abuse or misuse.

Drug abuse is the intentional non-therapeutic use of a drug product or substance, even once, for its desirable psychological or physiological effects. Misuse is the intentional use, for therapeutic purposes of a drug by an individual in a way other than prescribed by a health care provider or for whom it was not prescribed. Drug misuse and abuse may occur with or without progression to addiction. Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that may include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling drug use (e.g., continuing drug use despite harmful consequences, giving a higher priority to drug use than other activities and obligations), and possible tolerance or physical dependence.

The rapid onset of sedation, coupled with the amnestic features of GHB, particularly when combined with alcohol, has proven to be dangerous for the voluntary and involuntary user (e.g., assault victim).

Illicit GHB is abused in social settings primarily by young adults. Some of the doses estimated to be abused are in a similar dosage range to that used for treatment of patients with cataplexy. GHB has some commonalities with ethanol over a limited dose range, and some cross tolerance with ethanol has been reported as well. Cases of severe dependence and craving for GHB have been reported when the drug is taken around the clock. Patterns of abuse indicative of dependence include: 1) the use of increasingly large doses, 2) increased frequency of use, and 3) continued use despite adverse consequences.

Because illicit use and abuse of GHB have been reported, physicians should carefully evaluate patients for a history of drug abuse and follow such patients closely, observing them for signs of misuse or abuse of GHB (e.g., increase in size or frequency of dosing, drug-seeking behavior, feigned cataplexy). Dispose of Xyrem according to state and federal regulations. It is safe to dispose of Xyrem down the sanitary sewer.

Physical dependence is a state that develops as a result of physiological adaptation in response to repeated drug use, manifested by withdrawal signs and symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dose reduction of a drug. There have been case reports of withdrawal, ranging from mild to severe, following discontinuation of illicit use of GHB at frequent repeated doses (18 g to 250 g per day) in excess of the recommended dosage range. Signs and symptoms of GHB withdrawal following abrupt discontinuation included insomnia, restlessness, anxiety, psychosis, lethargy, nausea, tremor, sweating, muscle cramps, tachycardia, headache, dizziness, rebound fatigue and sleepiness, confusion, and, particularly in the case of severe withdrawal, visual hallucinations, agitation, and delirium. These symptoms generally abated in 3 to 14 days. In cases of severe withdrawal, hospitalization may be required. The discontinuation effects of Xyrem have not been systematically evaluated in controlled clinical trials. In the clinical trial experience with Xyrem in narcolepsy/cataplexy patients at recommended doses, two patients reported anxiety and one reported insomnia following abrupt discontinuation at the termination of the clinical trial; in the two patients with anxiety, the frequency of cataplexy had increased markedly at the same time.

Tolerance

Tolerance is a physiological state characterized by a reduced response to a drug after repeated administration (i.e., a higher dose of a drug is required to produce the same effect that was once obtained at a lower dose). Tolerance to Xyrem has not been systematically studied in controlled clinical trials. There have been some case reports of symptoms of tolerance developing after illicit use at dosages far in excess of the recommended Xyrem dosage regimen. Clinical studies of sodium oxybate in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal suggest a potential cross-tolerance with alcohol. The safety and effectiveness of Xyrem in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal have not been established.

Information regarding overdose with Xyrem is derived largely from reports in the medical literature that describe symptoms and signs in individuals who have ingested GHB illicitly. In these circumstances the co-ingestion of other drugs and alcohol was common, and may have influenced the presentation and severity of clinical manifestations of overdose.

In adult clinical trials two cases of overdose with Xyrem were reported. In the first case, an estimated dose of 150 g, more than 15 times the maximum recommended dose, caused a patient to be unresponsive with brief periods of apnea and to be incontinent of urine and feces. This individual recovered without sequelae. In the second case, death was reported following a multiple drug overdose consisting of Xyrem and numerous other drugs.

Information about signs and symptoms associated with overdosage with Xyrem derives from reports of illicit use of GHB. Patient presentation following overdose is influenced by the dose ingested, the time since ingestion, the co-ingestion of other drugs and alcohol, and the fed or fasted state. Patients have exhibited varying degrees of depressed consciousness that may fluctuate rapidly between a confusional, agitated combative state with ataxia and coma. Emesis (even when obtunded), diaphoresis, headache, and impaired psychomotor skills have been observed. No typical pupillary changes have been described to assist in diagnosis; pupillary reactivity to light is maintained. Blurred vision has been reported. An increasing depth of coma and acidosis have been observed at higher doses. Myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures have been reported. Respiration may be unaffected or compromised in rate and depth. Cheyne-Stokes respiration and apnea have been observed. Bradycardia and hypothermia may accompany unconsciousness, as well as muscular hypotonia, but tendon reflexes remain intact.

General symptomatic and supportive care should be instituted immediately, and gastric decontamination may be considered if co-ingestants are suspected. Because emesis may occur in the presence of obtundation, appropriate posture (left lateral recumbent position) and protection of the airway by intubation may be warranted. Although the gag reflex may be absent in deeply comatose patients, even unconscious patients may become combative to intubation, and rapid-sequence induction (without the use of sedative) should be considered. Vital signs and consciousness should be closely monitored. The bradycardia reported with GHB overdose has been responsive to atropine intravenous administration. No reversal of the central depressant effects of Xyrem can be expected from naloxone or flumazenil administration. The use of hemodialysis and other forms of extracorporeal drug removal have not been studied in GHB overdose, but have been reported in cases of acidosis associated with GHB ingestions of 125 g or greater; however, due to the rapid metabolism of sodium oxybate, these measures may not be warranted.

As with the management of all cases of drug overdosage, the possibility of multiple drug ingestion should be considered. The healthcare provider is encouraged to collect urine and blood samples for routine toxicologic screening, and to consult with a regional poison control center (1-800-222-1222) for current treatment recommendations.

Sodium oxybate, a CNS depressant, is the active ingredient in Xyrem. The chemical name for sodium oxybate is sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate. The molecular formula is C4H7NaO3, and the molecular weight is 126.09 g/mole. The chemical structure is:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Sodium oxybate, a CNS depressant, is the active ingredient in Xyrem. The chemical name for sodium oxybate is sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate. The molecular formula is C4H7NaO3, and the molecular weight is 126.09 g/mole. The chemical structure is:" }

Sodium oxybate is a white to off-white, crystalline powder that is very soluble in aqueous solutions. Each mL of Xyrem contains 0.5 g of sodium oxybate (equivalent to 0.413 g/mL of oxybate) in USP Purified Water, neutralized to pH 7.5 with malic acid.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Sodium oxybate is a white to off-white, crystalline powder that is very soluble in aqueous solutions. Each mL of Xyrem contains 0.5 g of sodium oxybate (equivalent to 0.413 g/mL of oxybate) in USP Purified Water, neutralized to pH 7.5 with malic acid." }

Xyrem is a CNS depressant. The mechanism of action of Xyrem in the treatment of narcolepsy is unknown. Sodium oxybate is the sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), an endogenous compound and metabolite of the neurotransmitter GABA. It is hypothesized that the therapeutic effects of Xyrem on cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness are mediated through GABAB actions at noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons, as well as at thalamocortical neurons.

Pharmacokinetics of GHB are nonlinear and are similar following single or repeat dosing of Xyrem.

Absorption

Following oral administration of Xyrem, GHB is absorbed rapidly across the clinical dose range, with an absolute bioavailability of about 88%. The average peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) following administration of each of the two 2.25 g doses given under fasting conditions 4 hours apart were similar. The average time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) ranged from 0.5 to 1.25 hours. Following oral administration of Xyrem, the plasma levels of GHB increased more than dose-proportionally, with blood levels increasing 3.7‐fold as total daily dose is doubled from 4.5 g to 9 g. Single doses greater than 4.5 g have not been studied.

Effect of Food

Administration of Xyrem immediately after a high-fat meal resulted in delayed absorption (average Tmax increased from 0.75 hr to 2 hr) and a reduction in Cmax of GHB by a mean of 59% and of systemic exposure (AUC) by 37%.

Distribution

GHB is a hydrophilic compound with an apparent volume of distribution averaging 190 mL/kg to 384 mL/kg. At GHB concentrations ranging from 3 mcg/mL to 300 mcg/mL, less than 1% is bound to plasma proteins.

Elimination

Metabolism

Animal studies indicate that metabolism is the major elimination pathway for GHB, producing carbon dioxide and water via the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle and secondarily by beta-oxidation. The primary pathway involves a cytosolic NADP+-linked enzyme, GHB dehydrogenase, that catalyzes the conversion of GHB to succinic semialdehyde, which is then biotransformed to succinic acid by the enzyme succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Succinic acid enters the Krebs cycle where it is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water. A second mitochondrial oxidoreductase enzyme, a transhydrogenase, also catalyzes the conversion to succinic semialdehyde in the presence of α-ketoglutarate. An alternate pathway of biotransformation involves β-oxidation via 3,4-dihydroxybutyrate to carbon dioxide and water. No active metabolites have been identified.

Excretion

The clearance of GHB is almost entirely by biotransformation to carbon dioxide, which is then eliminated by expiration. On average, less than 5% of unchanged drug appears in human urine within 6 to 8 hours after dosing. Fecal excretion is negligible. GHB has an elimination half-life of 0.5 to 1 hour.

Geriatric Patients

There is limited experience with Xyrem in the elderly. Results from a pharmacokinetic study (n=20) in another studied population indicate that the pharmacokinetic characteristics of GHB are consistent among younger (age 48 to 64 years) and older (age 65 to 75 years) adults.

Pediatric Patients

The pharmacokinetics of sodium oxybate were evaluated in pediatric patients from 7 to 17 years of age (n=29). The pharmacokinetic characteristics of sodium oxybate were shown to be similar in adults and pediatric patients. Body weight was found to be the major intrinsic factor affecting oxybate pharmacokinetics.

Male and Female Patients

In a study of 18 female and 18 male healthy adult volunteers, no gender differences were detected in the pharmacokinetics of GHB following a single Xyrem oral dose of 4.5 g.

Racial or Ethnic Groups

There are insufficient data to evaluate any pharmacokinetic differences among races.

Patients with Renal Impairment

No pharmacokinetic study in patients with renal impairment has been conducted.

Patients with Hepatic Impairment

The pharmacokinetics of GHB in 16 cirrhotic patients, half without ascites (Child’s Class A) and half with ascites (Child’s Class C), were compared to the kinetics in 8 subjects with normal hepatic function after a single Xyrem oral dose of 25 mg/kg. AUC values were double in the cirrhotic patients, with apparent oral clearance reduced from 9.1 mL/min/kg in healthy adults to 4.5 and 4.1 mL/min/kg in Class A and Class C patients, respectively. Elimination half-life was significantly longer in Class C and Class A patients than in control patients (mean t1/2 of 59 and 32 minutes, respectively, versus 22 minutes). The starting dose of Xyrem should be reduced in patients with liver impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) and Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].

Studies in vitro with pooled human liver microsomes indicate that sodium oxybate does not significantly inhibit the activities of the human isoenzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, or CYP3A up to the concentration of 3 mM (378 mcg/mL), a level considerably higher than levels achieved with recommended doses.

Drug interaction studies in healthy adults (age 18 to 50 years) were conducted with Xyrem and divalproex sodium, diclofenac, and ibuprofen:

Drug interaction studies in healthy adults demonstrated no pharmacokinetic interactions between Xyrem and protriptyline hydrochloride, zolpidem tartrate, and modafinil. Also, there were no pharmacokinetic interactions with the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor fomepizole. However, pharmacodynamic interactions with these drugs cannot be ruled out. Alteration of gastric pH with omeprazole produced no significant change in the pharmacokinetics of GHB. In addition, drug interaction studies in healthy adults demonstrated no pharmacokinetic or clinically significant pharmacodynamic interactions between Xyrem and duloxetine HCl.

Carcinogenesis

Administration of sodium oxybate to rats at oral doses of up to 1,000 mg/kg/day for 83 (males) or 104 (females) weeks resulted in no increase in tumors. Plasma exposure (AUC) at the highest dose tested was 2 times that in humans at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 9 g per night.

The results of 2-year carcinogenicity studies in mouse and rat with gamma-butyrolactone, a compound that is metabolized to sodium oxybate in vivo, showed no clear evidence of carcinogenic activity. The plasma AUCs of sodium oxybate achieved at the highest doses tested in these studies were less than that in humans at the MRHD.

Mutagenesis

Sodium oxybate was negative in the in vitro bacterial gene mutation assay, an in vitro chromosomal aberration assay in mammalian cells, and in an in vivo rat micronucleus assay.

Impairment of Fertility

Oral administration of sodium oxybate (150, 350, or 1,000 mg/kg/day) to male and female rats prior to and throughout mating and continuing in females through early gestation resulted in no adverse effects on fertility. The highest dose tested is approximately equal to the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis.

The effectiveness of Xyrem in the treatment of cataplexy was established in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group trials (Trials N1 and N2) in patients with narcolepsy (see Table 5). In Trials N1 and N2, 85% and 80% of patients, respectively, were also being treated with CNS stimulants. The high percentages of concomitant stimulant use make it impossible to assess the efficacy and safety of Xyrem independent of stimulant use. In each trial, the treatment period was 4 weeks and the total nightly Xyrem doses ranged from 3 g to 9 g, with the total nightly dose administered as two equal doses. The first dose each night was taken at bedtime and the second dose was taken 2.5 to 4 hours later. There were no restrictions on the time between food consumption and dosing.

Trial N1 enrolled 136 narcoleptic patients with moderate to severe cataplexy (median of 21 cataplexy attacks per week) at baseline. Prior to randomization, medications with possible effects on cataplexy were withdrawn, but stimulants were continued at stable doses. Patients were randomized to receive placebo, Xyrem 3 g per night, Xyrem 6 g per night, or Xyrem 9 g per night.

Trial N2 was a randomized-withdrawal trial with 55 narcoleptic patients who had been taking open-label Xyrem for 7 to 44 months prior to study entry. To be included, patients were required to have a history of at least 5 cataplexy attacks per week prior to any treatment for cataplexy. Patients were randomized to continued treatment with Xyrem at their stable dose (ranging from 3 g to 9 g per night) or to placebo for 2 weeks. Trial N2 was designed specifically to evaluate the continued efficacy of sodium oxybate after long-term use.

The primary efficacy measure in Trials N1 and N2 was the frequency of cataplexy attacks.

Table 5Median Number of Cataplexy Attacks in Trials N1 and N2

<div class="scrollingtable"><table class="Noautorules" width="100%"> <col width="34%"/> <col width="14%"/> <col width="29%"/> <col width="18%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Trial/Dosage Group </span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Baseline</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Median Change from Baseline</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Comparison to Placebo (p-value)</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Trial N1 (Prospective, Randomized, Parallel Group Trial)</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">(median attacks/week)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo </span>(n=33)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">20.5</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-4</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">–</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Xyrem 6 g per night </span>(n=31)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">23.0</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-10</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.0451</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Xyrem 9 g per night </span>(n=33)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">23.5</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-16</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.0016</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Trial N2 (Randomized-Withdrawal Trial)</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">(median attacks/2 weeks)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo </span>(n=29)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4.0</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">21</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">–</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Xyrem </span>(n=26)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1.9</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In Trial N1, both the 6 g and 9 g per night Xyrem doses resulted in statistically significant reductions in the frequency of cataplexy attacks. The 3 g per night dose had little effect. In Trial N2, patients randomized to placebo after discontinuing long-term open-label Xyrem therapy experienced a significant increase in cataplexy attacks (p<0.001), providing evidence of long-term efficacy of Xyrem. In Trial N2, the response was numerically similar for patients treated with doses of 6 g to 9 g per night, but there was no effect seen in patients treated with doses less than 6 g per night, suggesting little effect at these doses.

The effectiveness of Xyrem in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy was established in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (Trials N3 and N4) (see Tables 6 to 8). Seventy-eight percent of patients in Trial N3 were also being treated with CNS stimulants.

Trial N3 was a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial that evaluated 228 patients with moderate to severe symptoms at entry into the study including a median Epworth Sleepiness Scale (see below) score of 18, and a Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (see below) score of 8.3 minutes. Patients were randomized to one of 4 treatment groups: placebo, Xyrem 4.5 g per night, Xyrem 6 g per night, or Xyrem 9 g per night. The period of double-blind treatment in this trial was 8 weeks. Antidepressants were withdrawn prior to randomization; stimulants were continued at stable doses.

The primary efficacy measures in Trial N3 were the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Clinical Global Impression of Change. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale is intended to evaluate the extent of sleepiness in everyday situations by asking the patient a series of questions. In these questions, patients were asked to rate their chances of dozing during each of 8 activities on a scale from 0-3 (0=never; 1=slight; 2=moderate; 3=high). Higher total scores indicate a greater tendency to sleepiness. The Clinical Global Impression of Change is evaluated on a 7-point scale, centered at No Change, and ranging from Very Much Worse to Very Much Improved. In Trial N3, patients were rated by evaluators who based their assessments on the severity of narcolepsy at baseline.

In Trial N3, statistically significant improvements were seen on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale score at Week 8 and on the Clinical Global Impression of Change score at Week 8 with the 6 g and 9 g per night doses of Xyrem compared to the placebo group.

Table 6 Change from Baseline in Daytime Sleepiness Score (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) at Week 8 in Trial N3 (Range 0-24)

<div class="scrollingtable"><table class="Noautorules" width="100%"> <col width="20%"/> <col width="14%"/> <col width="15%"/> <col width="20%"/> <col width="26%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Treatment Group</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Baseline</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Week 8</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Median Change from Baseline at Week 8</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">p-value</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo </span>(n=59)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">17.5</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">17.0</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-0.5</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Xyrem 6 g per night </span>(n=58)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">19.0</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">16.0</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-2.0</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Xyrem 9 g per night </span>(n=47)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">19.0</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">12.0</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-5.0</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Table 7Proportion of Patients with a Very Much or Much Improved Clinical Global Impression of Change in Daytime and Nighttime Symptoms in Trial N3

<div class="scrollingtable"><table class="Noautorules" width="100%"> <col width="31%"/> <col width="33%"/> <col width="32%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Treatment Group </span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Percentages of Responders<br/>(Very Much Improved or Much Improved)</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Change from Baseline </span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Significance Compared to Placebo<br/>(p-value)</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo </span>(n=59)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">22%</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Xyrem 6 g per night </span>(n=58)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">52%</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Xyrem 9 g per night </span>(n=47)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">64%</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Trial N4 was a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial that evaluated 222 patients with moderate to severe symptoms at entry into the study including a median Epworth Sleepiness Scale score of 15, and a Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (see below) score of 10.3 minutes. At entry, patients had to be taking modafinil at stable doses of 200 mg, 400 mg, or 600 mg daily for at least 1 month prior to randomization. The patients enrolled in the study were randomized to one of 4 treatment groups: placebo, Xyrem, modafinil, or Xyrem plus modafinil. Xyrem was administered in a dose of 6 g per night for 4 weeks, followed by 9 g per night for 4 weeks. Modafinil was continued in the modafinil alone and the Xyrem plus modafinil treatment groups at the patient’s prior dose. Trial N4 was not designed to compare the effects of Xyrem to modafinil because patients receiving modafinil were not titrated to a maximal dose. Patients randomized to placebo or to Xyrem treatment were withdrawn from their stable dose of modafinil. Patients taking antidepressants could continue these medications at stable doses.

The primary efficacy measure in Trial N4 was the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test. The Maintenance of Wakefulness Test measures latency to sleep onset (in minutes) averaged over 4 sessions at 2-hour intervals following nocturnal polysomnography. For each test session, the subject was asked to remain awake without using extraordinary measures. Each test session is terminated after 20 minutes if no sleep occurs, or after 10 minutes, if sleep occurs. The overall score is the mean sleep latency for the 4 sessions.

In Trial N4, a statistically significant improvement in the change in the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test score from baseline at Week 8 was seen in the Xyrem and Xyrem plus modafinil groups compared to the placebo group.

This trial was not designed to compare the effects of Xyrem to modafinil, because patients receiving modafinil were not titrated to a maximally effective dose.

Table 8Change in Baseline in the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test Score (in minutes) at Week 8 in Trial N4

<div class="scrollingtable"><table class="Noautorules" width="100%"> <col width="21%"/> <col width="14%"/> <col width="15%"/> <col width="20%"/> <col width="25%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Treatment Group</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Baseline</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Week 8</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Mean Change from Baseline at Week 8</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">p-value</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo (modafinil withdrawn) </span>(n=55)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9.7</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6.9</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-2.7</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Xyrem (modafinil withdrawn) </span>(n=50)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">11.3</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">12.0</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.6</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Xyrem plus modafinil </span>(n=54)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">10.4</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">13.2</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2.7</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.001</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

The effectiveness of Xyrem in the treatment of cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness in pediatric patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy was established in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized-withdrawal study (Trial N5) (NCT02221869). The study was conducted in 106 pediatric patients (median age: 12 years; range: 7 to 17 years) with a baseline history of at least 14 cataplexy attacks in a typical 2-week period prior to any treatment for narcolepsy symptoms. Of the 106 patients, 2 did not receive study drug and 63 patients were randomized 1:1 either to continued treatment with Xyrem or to placebo. Randomization to placebo was stopped early as the efficacy criterion was met at the pre-planned interim analysis.

Patients entered the study either taking a stable dose of Xyrem or were Xyrem-naïve. CNS stimulants were allowed at entry, and approximately 50% of patients used a stable dose of stimulant throughout the stable-dose and double-blind periods. Xyrem-naïve patients were initiated and titrated based on body weight over a period of up to 10 weeks. The total nightly dose was administered in two divided doses, with the first dose given at nighttime and the second given 2.5 to 4 hours later [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)]. Once a stable dose of Xyrem had been achieved, these patients entered the 2-week stable-dose period; patients taking a stable dose of Xyrem at study entry remained taking this dose for 3 weeks, prior to randomization. Efficacy was established at doses ranging from 3 g to 9 g of Xyrem per night.

The primary efficacy measure was the change in frequency of cataplexy attacks. In addition, change in cataplexy severity was evaluated with the Clinical Global Impression of Change for cataplexy severity [see Clinical Studies (14.2) for description of scale]. The efficacy of Xyrem in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in pediatric patients with narcolepsy was evaluated with the change in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Child and Adolescent) score. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Child and Adolescent) is a modified version of the scale used in adult clinical trials described above [see Clinical Studies (14.2) for description and scoring]. The overall change in narcolepsy condition was assessed by the Clinical Global Impression of Change for narcolepsy overall. Efficacy was assessed during or at the end of the 2-week double-blind treatment period, relative to the last 2 weeks or end of the stable-dose period (see Tables 9 and 10).

Pediatric patients taking stable doses of Xyrem who were withdrawn from Xyrem treatment and randomized to placebo during the double-blind treatment period experienced a statistically significant increase in weekly cataplexy attacks compared with patients who were randomized to continue treatment with Xyrem. Patients randomized to receive placebo during the double-blind treatment period experienced a statistically significant worsening of EDS compared with patients randomized to continue receiving Xyrem (see Table 9).

Table 9Number of Weekly Cataplexy Attacks and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Child and Adolescent) Score (Trial N5)

<div class="scrollingtable"><table class="Noautorules" width="100%"> <col width="21%"/> <col width="14%"/> <col width="15%"/> <col width="20%"/> <col width="25%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Treatment Group </span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Baseline<span class="Sup">*,†</span></span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Double-blind Treatment Period<span class="Sup">‡,§</span></span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Median Change from Baseline</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Comparison to Placebo (p-value<span class="Sup">¶</span>)</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Median Number of Cataplexy Attacks (attacks/week)</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold"> Placebo </span>(n=32)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4.7</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">21.3</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">12.7</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold"> Xyrem </span>(n=31)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3.5</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3.8</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.3</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.0001</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Median Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Child and Adolescent) Score</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold"> Placebo </span>(n=31**)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">11</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">12</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold"> Xyrem </span>(n=30**)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.0004</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

* For weekly number of cataplexy attacks, baseline value is calculated from the last 14 days of the stable-dose period. † For Epworth Sleepiness Scale score, baseline value is collected at the end of stable-dose period. ‡ Weekly number of cataplexy attacks is calculated from all days within the double-blind treatment period. § For Epworth Sleepiness Scale, value is collected at the end of the double-blind treatment period. ¶ P-value from rank-based analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with treatment as a factor and rank baseline value as a covariate.** One patient in each of the treatment groups did not have baseline ESS score available and were not included in this analysis.

Patients randomized to receive placebo during the double-blind treatment period experienced a statistically significant worsening of cataplexy severity and narcolepsy overall according to the clinician’s assessment compared with patients randomized to continue receiving Xyrem (see Table 10).

Table 10Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIc) for Cataplexy Severity and Narcolepsy Overall (Trial N5)

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <col width="20%"/> <col width="20%"/> <col width="20%"/> <col width="20%"/> <col width="20%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Worsened, %<span class="Sup">†</span></span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">CGIc Cataplexy Severity<span class="Sup">*</span></span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">CGIc Narcolepsy Overall<span class="Sup">*</span></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Placebo<br/>(n=32)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Xyrem<br/>(n=29)<span class="Sup"> ‡</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Placebo<br/>(n=32)</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Xyrem<br/>(n=29)<span class="Sup"> ‡</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Much worse or very much worse</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">66%</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">17%</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">59%</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">10%</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">p-value<span class="Sup">§</span></span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.0001</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">&lt;0.0001</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

* Responses indicate change of severity or symptoms relative to receiving Xyrem treatment at baseline. † Percentages based on total number of observed values. ‡ Two patients randomized to Xyrem did not have the CGIc assessments completed and were excluded from the analysis. § P-value from Pearson’s chi-square test.

Xyrem is a clear to slightly opalescent oral solution. Each prescription includes one bottle of Xyrem with attached press in bottle adaptor, an oral measuring device (plastic syringe), and a Medication Guide. The pharmacy provides two empty containers with child-resistant caps with each Xyrem shipment.

Each amber bottle contains Xyrem oral solution at a concentration of 0.5 g per mL (0.5 g/mL of sodium oxybate equivalent to 0.413 g/mL of oxybate) and has a child-resistant cap.

One 180 mL bottle                                               NDC 68727-100-01

Keep out of reach of children. Xyrem should be stored at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) (see USP Controlled Room Temperature). Dispense in tight containers. Solutions prepared following dilution should be consumed within 24 hours.

Xyrem is a Schedule III drug under the Controlled Substances Act. Xyrem should be handled according to state and federal regulations. It is safe to dispose of Xyrem down the sanitary sewer.

Advise the patient and/or caregiver to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use).

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Advise the patient and/or caregiver to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use)." }

Central Nervous System Depression

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nCentral Nervous System Depression\n" }

Inform patients and/or caregivers that Xyrem can cause central nervous system depression, including respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, syncope, and death. Instruct patients to not engage in activities requiring mental alertness or motor coordination, including operating hazardous machinery, for at least 6 hours after taking Xyrem. Instruct patients and/or their caregivers to inform their healthcare providers of all the medications they take [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform patients and/or caregivers that Xyrem can cause central nervous system depression, including respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, syncope, and death. Instruct patients to not engage in activities requiring mental alertness or motor coordination, including operating hazardous machinery, for at least 6 hours after taking Xyrem. Instruct patients and/or their caregivers to inform their healthcare providers of all the medications they take [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].\n" }

Abuse and Misuse

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nAbuse and Misuse\n" }

Inform patients and/or caregivers that the active ingredient of Xyrem is gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), which is associated with serious adverse reactions with illicit use and abuse [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform patients and/or caregivers that the active ingredient of Xyrem is gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), which is associated with serious adverse reactions with illicit use and abuse [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].\n" }

XYWAV and XYREM REMS

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nXYWAV and XYREM REMS\n" }

Xyrem is available only through a restricted program called the XYWAV and XYREM REMS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]. Inform the patient and/or caregiver of the following notable requirements:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Xyrem is available only through a restricted program called the XYWAV and XYREM REMS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]. Inform the patient and/or caregiver of the following notable requirements:" }

{ "type": "", "children": [], "text": "" }

Xyrem is available only from the central pharmacy participating in the program. Therefore, provide patients and/or caregivers with the telephone number and website for information on how to obtain the product.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Xyrem is available only from the central pharmacy participating in the program. Therefore, provide patients and/or caregivers with the telephone number and website for information on how to obtain the product." }

Alcohol or Sedative Hypnotics

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nAlcohol or Sedative Hypnotics\n" }

Advise patients and/or caregivers that alcohol and other sedative hypnotics should not be taken with Xyrem [see Contraindications (4)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Advise patients and/or caregivers that alcohol and other sedative hypnotics should not be taken with Xyrem [see Contraindications (4)]." }

Sedation

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nSedation\n" }

Inform patients and/or caregivers that the patient is likely to fall asleep quickly after taking Xyrem (often within 5 and usually within 15 minutes), but the time it takes to fall asleep can vary from night to night. The sudden onset of sleep, including in a standing position or while rising from bed, has led to falls complicated by injuries, in some cases requiring hospitalization [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. Instruct patients and/or caregivers that the patient should remain in bed following ingestion of the first and second nightly doses. Instruct patients and/or caregivers that the patient should not take their second nightly dose until 2.5 to 4 hours after the first dose [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform patients and/or caregivers that the patient is likely to fall asleep quickly after taking Xyrem (often within 5 and usually within 15 minutes), but the time it takes to fall asleep can vary from night to night. The sudden onset of sleep, including in a standing position or while rising from bed, has led to falls complicated by injuries, in some cases requiring hospitalization [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. Instruct patients and/or caregivers that the patient should remain in bed following ingestion of the first and second nightly doses. Instruct patients and/or caregivers that the patient should not take their second nightly dose until 2.5 to 4 hours after the first dose [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)]. " }

Food Effects on Xyrem

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nFood Effects on Xyrem\n" }

Inform patients and/or caregivers that the first nightly dose should be taken at least 2 hours after eating.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform patients and/or caregivers that the first nightly dose should be taken at least 2 hours after eating. " }

Respiratory Depression and Sleep-Disordered Breathing

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRespiratory Depression and Sleep-Disordered Breathing\n" }

Inform patients that Xyrem may impair respiratory drive, especially in patients with compromised respiratory function, and may cause apnea [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform patients that Xyrem may impair respiratory drive, especially in patients with compromised respiratory function, and may cause apnea [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]." }

Depression and Suicidality

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nDepression and Suicidality\n" }

Instruct patients and/or caregivers to contact a healthcare provider immediately if the patient develops depressed mood, markedly diminished interest or pleasure in usual activities, significant change in weight and/or appetite, psychomotor agitation or retardation, increased fatigue, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, slowed thinking or impaired concentration, or suicidal ideation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Instruct patients and/or caregivers to contact a healthcare provider immediately if the patient develops depressed mood, markedly diminished interest or pleasure in usual activities, significant change in weight and/or appetite, psychomotor agitation or retardation, increased fatigue, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, slowed thinking or impaired concentration, or suicidal ideation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]." }

Other Behavioral or Psychiatric Adverse Reactions

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nOther Behavioral or Psychiatric Adverse Reactions\n" }

Inform patients and/or caregivers that Xyrem can cause behavioral or psychiatric adverse reactions, including confusion, anxiety, and psychosis. Instruct them to notify their healthcare provider if any of these types of symptoms occur [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform patients and/or caregivers that Xyrem can cause behavioral or psychiatric adverse reactions, including confusion, anxiety, and psychosis. Instruct them to notify their healthcare provider if any of these types of symptoms occur [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].\n" }

Sleepwalking

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nSleepwalking\n" }

Instruct patients and/or caregivers that Xyrem has been associated with sleepwalking and other behaviors during sleep, and to contact their healthcare provider if this occurs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Instruct patients and/or caregivers that Xyrem has been associated with sleepwalking and other behaviors during sleep, and to contact their healthcare provider if this occurs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]." }

Sodium Intake

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nSodium Intake\n" }

Instruct patients and/or caregivers that Xyrem contains a significant amount of sodium and patients who are sensitive to sodium intake (e.g., those with heart failure, hypertension, or renal impairment) should limit their sodium intake [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)]. Distributed By: Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Palo Alto, CA 94304 Protected by U.S. Patent Nos. 8,772,306; 9,050,302; 9,486,426; 10,213,400; 10,864,181; and 11,253,494.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Instruct patients and/or caregivers that Xyrem contains a significant amount of sodium and patients who are sensitive to sodium intake (e.g., those with heart failure, hypertension, or renal impairment) should limit their sodium intake [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].\n\nDistributed By:\n\nJazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Palo Alto, CA 94304\nProtected by U.S. Patent Nos. 8,772,306; 9,050,302; 9,486,426; 10,213,400; 10,864,181; and 11,253,494." }

Instructions for UseXYREM® (ZĪE-rem)(sodium oxybate)oral solution, CIII

Read this Instructions for Use carefully before you (or your child) start taking XYREM and each time you (or your child) get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking to your doctor about your (or your child’s) medical condition or treatment.

Important Information:

Supplies you will need for mixing and taking (or giving your child) XYREM. See Figure A:

Figure A

Step 1: Setup

Figure B

Remove the tamper evident band by pulling at the perforations and then remove the bottle cap from the XYREM bottle by pushing down while turning the cap counterclockwise. See Figure C.

Figure C

Step 2. Prepare the first XYREM dose (prepare before bedtime)

Place the XYREM bottle on a hard, flat surface and grip the bottle with one hand and firmly press the syringe into the center opening of the bottle with the other hand. See Figure D.

Figure D

Pull back on the plunger until the medicine flows into the syringe and the liquid level is lined up with the marking on the syringe that matches you or your child’s dose. See Figure E.

Figure E

Note: The XYREM medicine will not flow into the syringe unless you keep the bottle upright.

Figure F shows an example of drawing up a XYREM dose of 2.25 g. Figure G shows an example if an air space forms when drawing up the dose.

     Figure F                                                                             Figure G

Note: If an air space forms between the plunger and the liquid when drawing up the medicine, line up the liquid level with the marking on the syringe that matches your or your child’s dose. See Figure G above.

Figure H

     Figure I                                                                         Figure J

Step 3. Prepare the second XYREM dose (prepare before bedtime)

Step 4. Store the prepared XYREM doses

Step 5. Take or give the first XYREM dose

Step 6. Take or give the second XYREM dose

How should I store XYREM?

Throwing away (disposing of) XYREM

Distributed By: Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Palo Alto, CA 94304

This Instructions for Use has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.          Revised: 4/2023